<p>The Magdeburg Water Bridge  is a large navigable aqueduct in central Germany, located near Magdeburg. The largest canal underbridge in Europe, it spans the river Elbe and directly connects the Mittellandkanal to the west and Elbe-Havel Canal to the east of the river, allowing large commercial ships to pass between the Rhineland and Berlin without having to descend into and then climb out of the Elbe itself.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Planning for the canal crossing dates back to at least the beginning of the 20th century. Work on the Mittellandkanal began in 1905, while work on the overall project continued until 1942, when all construction was brought to a halt because of World War II. After the war, the government of East Germany did not resume work on the project because east-west trade was no longer important in the context of the Cold War. After the reunification of Germany, the reestablishment of major water transport routes made the water bridge a priority again. Work started in 1998, with construction taking six years and costing €501 million. The water bridge now connects Berlin’s inland harbour network with the ports along the Rhine River. The aqueduct&#39;s tough structure incorporates 24,000 tonnes of steel and 68,000 cubic meters of concrete.</p><br>
<h2>Pop culture</h2><br>
<p>The bridge is featured in the motion picture Hanna, at approximately 75 minutes into the film.</p><br>
<p>It is also featured in the film "Vitou the Kong"</p><br>
<h2>Locks</h2><br>
<p>In addition to the bridge, a double lock was constructed to allow vessels to descend from the level of the bridge and Mittelland Canal to that of the Elbe-Havel Canal.</p><br>
<p>The Tremont Street Subway in Bostons MBTA Subway system is the oldest subway tunnel in North America and the third oldest worldwide to exclusively use electric traction , opening on September 1, 1897. It was originally built to get streetcar lines off the traffic-clogged streets, instead of as a true rapid transit line. It now forms the central part of the Green Line, connecting Boylston Street to Park Street and Government Center stations.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel originally served five closely spaced stations: Boylston, Park Street, Scollay Square, Adams Square, and Haymarket, with branches to the Public Garden Portal and Pleasant Street Incline south of Boylston. Park Street, Scollay Square, and Haymarket stations were altered over the next two decades as transfers were added to the Cambridge-Dorchester Subway, East Boston Tunnel, and Main Line Elevated (now part of the Red, Blue, and Orange Lines, respectively). In 1962, the southern portal at Pleasant Street was closed; the following year, the northern half of the tunnel was substantially altered when Government Center and a new Boston City Hall replaced Scollay Square and Adams Square. The northbound tunnel to Haymarket station was rerouted; the southbound tunnel is still original. Scollay Square station was rebuilt as Government Center, and Adams Square station was closed. In 1971, the original Haymarket station was replaced with a new station just to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Disused southern tunnel branch</h2><br>
<p>The subway in 1897 consisted of a main line under Tremont Street that terminated at Park Street, and two forks to the south. One fork has remained the extant part of the line, which veered westward along Boylston Street, toward the main-line Arlington station, as well as towards Back Bay. The other fork continued south under Tremont Street to the Pleasant Street Incline (the tunnel to which is depicted in the top right photo). This portal was used by streetcars that went southwest to Egleston via the South End, along Tremont Street (route 43), or southeast to City Point in South Boston via Broadway (route 9). Streetcar service through the southern portal ended in 1961; for the last several months, service consisted of a shuttle between the portal and Boylston station. The tunnel still exists, dead-ended at the now-buried portal, which has been converted to a public park.</p><br>
<h2>Portals</h2><br>
<p>The three original tunnel entrances were in the Boston Public Garden, at North Station/Canal Street, and at Pleasant Street. Over time, these portals were replaced and abandoned as the subway was extended. Vestiges of various closed portals are still visible inside the main Green Line&#39;s Boylston Street Subway tunnel extending west of Boylston station towards Kenmore Square station.</p><br>
<p>The western Public Garden portal was replaced in 1914 with two portals, one in the middle of Boylston Street adjacent to the old portal, and the other at the west end of the Boylston Street Subway, just east of Kenmore Square. The Boylston Street portal was sealed in 1941 when the Huntington Avenue Subway was opened (with a new portal at Northeastern University). The portal at Kenmore Square was replaced in 1932 when the subway was extended west beyond the Square, to the existing portals on Commonwealth Avenue (the "B" branch) and Beacon Street (the "C" branch), although the top arch of the original portal survives as part of a ventilation shaft. The Fenway portal for the "D" branch was opened in 1959.</p><br>
<p>The northern portal at Canal Street was replaced in 2004 when the subway was extended beneath North Station to a new portal next to Martha Road.</p><br>
<p>The southern portal at Pleasant Street was abandoned in 1962 following the end of streetcar service through the South End. The portal has since been sealed up and covered by Elliot Norton Park, but the dead-ended tunnel to Boylston survives underground.</p><br>
<h2>Power</h2><br>
<p>The subway uses trolleys powered by electricity from overhead lines, which had been made possible by the invention of the trolley pole in 1880 by Frank J. Sprague, from his design for the Richmond Union Passenger Railway. The line has been pantograph-only since the trolley wires were modified in the 1990s.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark status and ownership</h2><br>
<p>The Tremont Street Subway was designated a National Historic Landmark in recognition for its pioneering role in the development of the subway as a public transit system in the United States. The landmark designation encompasses the still-extant portions of the early tunnel, roughly from Court Street to Charles Street, and includes the original Classical Revival head houses of the Park and Boylston stations which are still in use.</p><br>
<p>The original owner of the Tremont Street Subway was the private West End Street Railway, later the Boston Elevated Railway. Public ownership began in 1947 with the Metropolitan Transit Authority, now the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.</p><br>
<p>Spīn Ghar , "white mountain", also known as Safēd Kōh , Speen Ghar, or the Indian Caucasus as late as the 19th century, and as the Morga Range, is a mountain range in eastern Afghanistan, which expands into the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan.</p><br>
<p>Its highest peak, straight and rigid Mount Sikaram, towers above all surrounding hills to 4,761 m above mean sea level. The Kabul River cuts a narrow trough through the Spīn Ghar mountains to flow eastward into the Indus River; otherwise, the range connects directly with the Shandur Top offshoot of the Hindu Kush mountain system.</p><br>
<p>The Khyber Pass crosses a spur of the Spīn Ghar. The second cross is near Mount Sikaram which is called Piewar-Kotal or Gawi Pass, which connects Parachinar city in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas with the Aryob Valley of Paktia, Afghanistan. From the highest peak Mount Sikaram (Sikaram Sar) towards eastward, it passes on the north of Piewar, Alizai, Tari Mengal, Khewas, Shilawzan, Luqman Khel, Maikay, Chappri Rest House, Zeran, Parachamkani and Upper Khyber Agency. The closest cities near the Spīn Ghar are Parachinar and Gardez.</p><br>
<p>Above the nearly barren lower slopes, forests of pine and deodar cedar thrived on the main range, but devastation during the Afghan civil war reduced timber resources. The valleys still support some agriculture.</p><br>
<p>According to the United States&#39;s military intelligence, many al-Qaeda fighters, including Osama Bin Laden had used the Spīn Ghar to escape to Pakistan during the Tora Bora offensive in 2001. Since 2004, the Spīn Ghar mountain range had been a pivotal place and theater of many battles fought by the foreign fighters of al-Qaeda and the joint-warfare command of Pakistan Armed Forces to prevent the foreign fighters incursion into Pakistan.</p><br>
<p>The Virginia Robinson Gardens are the period landscape, historic mansion, and botanical gardens located at the Virginia Robinson Estate  in Beverly Hills, California, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Virginia Robinson Gardens is the earliest estate in Beverly Hills, California. It was the private residence of Virginia Dryden Robinson (1877–1977) and Harry Winchester Robinson (1878–1932), heir to J. W. Robinson&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>The main house was designed in 1911 by architect Nathaniel Dryden (1849–1924), who was Virginia&#39;s father, in a Beaux Arts style. The residence is furnished with antiques and artifacts collected from around the world.</p><br>
<p>The Renaissance Revival Pool Pavilion was built in 1924 and is modeled after the Villa Pisani in the Tuscan region of Italy. Decorative panels of Sgraffito ornamentation adorn the Roman arches at the entry to the pavilion&#39;s Solarium. The Pavilion overlooks a long pool with mosaic tile wainscoting.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens</h2><br>
<p>The Virginia Robinson Gardens range in style and plant type from Italian Renaissance Mediterranean to Tropical Oceanea. The estate has five distinctive Gardens:</p><br>
<p>The Italian Renaissance Terrace Garden, with views of mature specimen trees and Citrus Terraces. Planted under large Magnolia Trees are a variety of Camellias, Gardenias, and Azaleas.</p><br>
<p>The Formal Mall Garden, with perennial flower borders and rare specimen Cycad palms.</p><br>
<p>The Rose Garden, with heirloom Roses.</p><br>
<p>The Kitchen Garden or Potager, with vegetables and an Herb Garden.</p><br>
<p>The Tropical Palm Garden, including a grove of King Palms (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), reportedly the largest in the continental United States. The tropical area also contains Gingers, Bananas, and Plumerias.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Robinson Gardens are managed by the County of Los Angeles and open to the public for docent tours by advanced reservation only. The Friends of Virginia Robinson Gardens support this landmark. It was listed in 1978 on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also a state listed California Point of Historical Interest, and on the City of Beverly Hills Local Register of Historic Properties.</p><br>
<p>Cerro Rico , Cerro Potosí  or Sumaq Urqu  mountain") is a mountain in the Andes near the Bolivian city of Potosí. Cerro Rico was famous for providing vast quantities of silver for Spain during the period of the New World Spanish Empire. The mountain, which is popularly conceived of as being "made of" silver ore, caused the city of Potosí to become one of the largest cities in the New World. After 1800, the silver mines were depleted, making tin the main product. This eventually led to a slow economic decline. At the start of the 20th century, liberal reforms and an increase in government policies favoring foreign investment led to a decrease in nationalization of natural resources and an increase in ownership by private companies. Almost immediately following the change in Peruvian mining code in 1901 that allowed for the privatization of mines, a New York based company purchased "80 per cent of the mines in the Cerro de Pasco region of the central andes". The newly formed Cerro de Pasco Corporation pursued immediate large-scale extractive mining, which contributed to a long-term change in the local eco-system. The need for large quantities of timber to build the mining infrastructure necessary to extract minerals, also caused high amounts of erasion and deforestation. Dames needed to produce electricity for this massive private project caused floods, which altered the land and damaged the natural environment. After centuries of extractive mining methods that severely damaged the local ecology the mountain continues to be mined for silver to this day. Due to poor worker conditions, such as a lack of protective equipment against the constant inhalation of dust, many of the miners contract silicosis and have a life expectancy of around 40 years. The mountain is still a significant contributor to the city&#39;s economy, employing some 15,000 miners.</p><br>
<p>It is known as mountain that eats men because of the large number of workers who died in the mines. Some writers such as Eduardo Galeano, in his work Open Veins of Latin America, estimates that up to 8 million have died in the Cerro Rico since the 16th century. Though this number has been attributed to the entirety of the Viceroyalty of Peru by Josiah Conder, who added that these numbers also take into account any depopulation of areas around mines. The work of historians such as Peter Bakewell, Noble David Cook, Enrique Tandeter Tandeter, Enrique. "Coaccion y mercado. La mineria de plata en el Potosi colonial, 1692-1826". Siglo XXI Editores 2001.</p><br>
<p>and Raquel Gil Montero portray a more accurate description of the human-labor issue (free and non-free workers) with completely different estimations.</p><br>
<p>As a result of centuries long mining, in 2011 a sinkhole in the top appeared and had to be filled with ultra-light cement. The summit also continues to sink a few centimetres every year. In 2014, UNESCO added Cerro Rico and Potosí to its list of endangered sites, owing to "uncontrolled mining operations" that risk "degrading the site".</p><br>
<h2>Mine</h2><br>
<p>The San Antonio Japanese Tea Garden, or Sunken Gardens in Brackenridge Park, San Antonio, Texas, USA opened in an abandoned limestone rock quarry in the early 20th century. It was known also as Chinese Tea Gardens, Chinese Tea Garden Gate, Chinese Sunken Garden Gate and is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The San Antonio Japanese Tea Garden (also known as the Sunken Gardens) in the USA state of Texas was developed on land donated to the city in 1899 by George Washington Brackenridge, president of the San Antonio Water Works Company. The ground was first broken around 1840 by German masons, who used the readily accessible limestone to supply the construction market. Many San Antonio buildings, including the Menger Hotel, were built with the stone from this quarry on the Rock Quarry Road.</p><br>
<p>In 1880 the Alamo Cement Company was incorporated and produced cement for 26 years in the kiln, the chimney of which still stands today. Supporting the workforce of the quarry was a small "village", populated primarily by Mexican-Americans who worked the site. They and their families became popular with tourists, who purchased pottery, hand woven baskets, and food.</p><br>
<p>About 1917, City Parks Commissioner Ray Lambert visualized an oriental-style garden in the pit of the quarry. His engineer, W.S. Delery, developed plans, but no work began until individual and private donors provided funds in 1918. Lambert used prison labor to shape the quarry into a complex that included walkways, stone arch bridges, an island and a Japanese pagoda.</p><br>
<p>At the entrance to the garden, Mexican-born artist Dionicio Rodriguez (1891-1955) replicated a Japanese Torii gate in his unique style of concrete construction that imitated wood. In 1919, at the city&#39;s invitation, Kimi Eizo Jingu, a local Japanese-American artist, moved to the garden. In 1926, they opened the Bamboo Room, where light lunches and tea were sold. Kimi and Miyoshi Jingu maintained the garden, lived in the park, and raised eight children. Kimi was a representative of the Shizuoka Tea Association and was considered an expert in the tea business nationally. He died in 1938, and in 1941 the family was evicted with the rise of anti-Japanese sentiment of World War II.</p><br>
<p>The garden was renamed the Chinese Tea Garden, to prevent the razing and vandalism of the tea garden during World War II, as many other cities Japanese tea gardens were being vandalized. A Chinese-American family, Ted and Ester Wu, opened a snack bar in the pagoda until the early 1960s. In 1984, under the direction of Mayor Henry Cisneros, the city restored the original “Japanese Tea Garden” designation in a ceremony attended by Jingus children and representatives of the Japanese government.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>For years the garden sat in neglect and disrepair, becoming a target of graffiti and vandalism. Due to limited funding, the city threatened to close the garden, but the community and parks supporters rallied and lobbied to keep the park open.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the City used about $550,000 in bond money to reroof the pagoda-like Pavilion and the Jingu House.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, former Councilwoman Bonnie Conner, vice chairwoman of parks projects for the San Antonio Parks Foundation and former Mayor Lila Cockrell, Parks Foundation president, began a $1.6 million restoration campaign to restore the ponds and waterfall in conjunction with the City of San Antonio.</p><br>
<p>For the public re-opening on March 8, 2008, Jingu family members returned to San Antonio. Mabel Yoshiko Jingu Enkoji, the sixth child of Kimi and Miyoshi Jingu, who was born at the Garden, was the senior Jingu family member at the event.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the San Antonio Parks Foundation and the City of San Antonio began work on the $1 million restoration of the historic Jingu house. Work was completed in October 2011. The building is now being operated as a restaurant by Fresh Horizons Creative Catering, serving light lunches as the Jingu family did in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>In recognition of the Tea Garden&#39;s origin as a rock quarry that played a prominent role in the development of the cement business, as well as its later redevelopment as a garden, the site is designated as a Texas Civil Engineering Landmark, a Registered Texas Historic Landmark, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Sunken Garden amphitheater is located to the south. It currently comprises 872 permanently installed seats and has the option of adding folding chairs for a total general admittance of 2,700. The general admittance (standing room) to the fenced grounds of the theater is 6,000 spectators. The Parks and Recreation Department’s Cultural Program assumed management of the theater in the early 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Lee Hall or Lee Hall Mansion is a historic brick plantation house that was built during the period from 1848 to 1859. The community of Lee Hall, Virginia is named for it. It is located near the junction of USA 60 and VA 238, near Newport News, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The 12.29 acre property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The listed property includes two contributing buildings: The Main House (open to the public) and the former Kitchen (closed to public, used as staff offices).</p><br>
<p>The nearby community of Lee Hall was named for the house, which was built in 1859 as the home of Richard Decatur Lee, a prominent local planter who was not directly related to the famous Confederate General Robert E. Lee. The mansion was used as headquarters for Confederate generals Joseph E. Johnston and John B. Magruder during the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War in 1862. Nearby is Endview Plantation, a 238-year-old house. Endview was used as a hospital during the Civil War and as a campground during the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812 and the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Endview Plantation is an 18th-century plantation which is located on Virginia State Route 238 in the Lee Hall community in the northwestern area of the independent city of Newport News, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Earlier known as the Harwood Plantation, the house was built in 1769 by William Harwood along the Great Warwick Road, which linked the colonial capital of Williamsburg with the town of Hampton on the harbor of Hampton Roads. shortly before the surrender of the British troops under Lord Cornwallis.</p><br>
<p>Military use again came during the American Civil War, when the building was occupied by Dr. Humphrey Harwood Curtis, Jr., one of two doctors in Warwick County, Virginia. Endview was briefly used as a field hospital by the Confederacy during the 1862 Battle of Dam Number One (part of the Peninsula Campaign).</p><br>
<p>Endview was acquired by the City of Newport News in 1995. The post Civil War addition to the house was torn down, and the lost chimney rebuild so as to make the building reach it&#39;s 1860 appearance. The site is now officially known as "The Civil War at Endview: A Living History Museum". It is primarily a House Museum, with visitors touring the four interior rooms, which portray a collection of medical supplies, a standard parlor, Union soldier gear, and a bedroom. Living Historians are only present at special events.</p><br>
<p>The property has been used for once-a-year Civil War Reenactments, and has recently restarted reenactments of the Siege of Yorktown on a bi-annual basis. As of Summer 2010, operating hours have been cut back so that the site is closed to the public Tuesday and Wednesday, with additional closings in the Winter.</p><br>
<h2>Media</h2><br>
<p>Endview Plantation was featured on Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy in the episode "America After Dark". Self-proclaimed "redneck" comedian Larry the Cable Guy visited the plantation with Southeast Virginia Paranormal Investigations, a local paranormal team and joined them in investigating the house. They group couldnt declare the house haunted however, they did gather evidence of possible paranormal activity, such as EVPs of several strange noises and ghost voices on their digital recorders.</p><br>
<p>The Pic du Midi d&#39;Ossau  is a mountain rising above the Ossau Valley in the French Pyrenees. Despite possessing neither a glacier nor, in the context of the range, a particularly high summit, its distinctive shape makes it a symbol of the French side of the Pyrenees. This familiar shape also makes it easily recognisable from afar, and it is particularly distinctive from the Boulevard des Pyrénées in Pau, some 55 km to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Appearance</h2><br>
<p>As normally seen from the north, the mountain presents itself as having two distinct peaks, although from the south two other summits are also visible. It stands separate from any surrounding peaks, being largely surrounded by the valleys of the Gave de Bious, to the west, and the Gave du Brousset, to the east. These two mountain streams come together in the hamlet of Gabas at the foot of the mountains northern slopes, to form the Gave dOssau.</p><br>
<p>The Pic du Midi d&#39;Ossau was reputedly first climbed in 1552 by an expedition led by François de Foix-Candale, later to become the Bishop of Aire. Although the success of this first climb is disputed, it is known that the mountain had been successfully climbed by 1787 when a military surveyor noted that a triangulation cairn had been built on the summit. The first fully recorded climb was by Guillaume Delfau accompanied by Mathieu (an Eaux-Bonnes shepherd) on October 2, 1797.</p><br>
<p>The mountain offers many routes of ascent; the voie normale is a serious scramble and rock climb with a grading of PD, II+, 550 m. It approaches the summit via the Refuge de Pombie, a Club Alpin Francais owned mountain hut situated at 2,031 m, and requires most of a day to execute.</p><br>
<p>Politically, the mountain lies within the commune of Laruns, in the département of Pyrénées-Atlantiques and the Aquitaine region of France. It lies within the fully protected area of the Pyrenees National Park.</p><br>
<p>Westgard Pass  is a narrow gap between the White Mountains and Inyo Mountains ranges in the Basin and Range Province of eastern California. Westgard Pass lies entirely within the Inyo National Forest, in northern Inyo County, California.</p><br>
<p>State Route 168 crosses the pass, connecting the Owens Valley to Deep Springs Valley. Route 168 is the only (paved) east-west route across the Inyo-White Mountains. The highway is known for its pristine scenery and grand vistas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The pass was named after Anton L. Westgard, the Norwegian-born Vice President and Director of Transcontinental Highways of the National Highways Association. Inyo County and the State of California bestowed the honor on Westgard after his successful transcontinental journey by automobile in 1911. Westgard, nicknamed "The Pathfinder" was appointed by Federal Highway Administration Director Logan Page to attempt the trek as research for appropriate locations for the first transcontinental highways. This initial field survey ultimately led to what would eventually become the Lincoln Highway.</p><br>
<p>Although not the first transcontinental voyage by motorized vehicle, Westgard claimed to be the first to have completed the journey by truck, his being a 37-horsepower "Pioneer Freighter".</p><br>
<p>Menidi  is a former municipality in Aetolia-Acarnania, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Amfilochia, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 107.730 km. It is located by the Ambracian Gulf. Its economy is based on tourism and agriculture. It was built in the 1950s under an official government plan to house victims of the Greek Civil War and other families who did not own houses. Today is a popular destination for Greek and foreign tourists.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Menidi is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Menidi (Menidi, Elaiochori, Theriakisi, Katsouli, Lagkada, Sykoula)</p><br>
<p>Floriada (Floriada, Elaiofyto, Katharovouni, Kastriotissa, Palaia Floriada, Palaiokastro, Chrysopigi, Chrysorrachi)</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Lake Martignano , is a small lake in Lazio, Italy 15 mi north-north-west of Rome, in an extinct crater or maar.</p><br>
<p>Administratively its coast is divided amongst the municipalities of Rome, Anguillara Sabazia and Campagnano di Roma.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>In ancient times Lake Martignano was part of southern Etruria and called Alsietinus Lacus. Augustus drew from it the Aqua Alsietina; the water was hardly fit to drink, and was mainly intended to supply his naumachia (lake made for a sham naval battle) at Rome, near San Francesco a Ripa, on the right bank of the Tiber, where some traces of the aqueduct were perhaps found in 1720. The course of the aqueduct, which was mainly subterranean, is practically unknown: Frontinus tells us that it received a branch from the lake of Bracciano near Careiae (Galera): and an inscription relating to it was found in this district in 1887.</p><br>
<p>There is a lawn beach, lake-side cafes and restaurants, and walking tracks.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby towns</h2><br>
<p>Campagnano di Roma</p><br>
<p>Bracciano</p><br>
<p>Anguillara Sabazia</p><br>
<p>Trevignano Romano</p><br>
<p>Oriolo Romano</p><br>
<p>Sutri</p><br>
<p>Capranica</p><br>
<p>Cesano</p><br>
<p>San Bruno Mountain is located in northern San Mateo County, California, with some slopes of the mountain crossing over into southern San Francisco. Most of the mountain lies within the 2,326 acre San Bruno Mountain State Park, a unique open-space island in the midst of the San Francisco Peninsula&#39;s urbanization. Next to the state park is the 83 acre state San Bruno Mountain Ecological Reserve on the north slope. It is near the southern boundary of San Francisco, surrounded by the cities of South San Francisco, Daly City, Colma, and Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>San Bruno Mountain is topped by a four mile long ridge. Trails to the summit afford expansive views of the San Francisco Bay Area. Radio Peak (elevation 1,319 ft) is the highest point, hosting several radio broadcast towers, KTSF television, IONs KKPX television and NBCs KNTV television, serving a huge area that would otherwise have poor service in the hilly Bay Area region.</p><br>
<p>The mountain provides habitat for several species of rare and endangered plants and butterflies. The endangered San Bruno elfin butterfly inhabits this mountain and a few other locations. The distinct Franciscan fog zone plants of San Bruno Mountain set it apart from other California coastal areas.</p><br>
<h2>Recorded history</h2><br>
<p>The Portola expedition visited San Francisco Bay in 1769. The expedition is usually considered the first European presence in the area. Five years later Fernando Rivera and four soldiers climbed the mountain and watched sunrise across the bay. The mountain was named by Bruno de Heceta for his patron saint.</p><br>
<p>San Bruno Mountain consists of portions of five Mexican land grants; the southernmost being Rancho Buri Buri. Jose Antonio Sanchez, who rode by mule as a child from Sonora, was given Rancho Buri Buri in 1827, with confirmation in 1835. Rancho Buri Buri extended from the bay salt flats to San Andreas Valley and from Colma to Burlingame. Rancho Canada de Guadalupe la Visitacion y Rodeo Viejo contained most of the present day San Bruno Mountain; this rancho contains the city of Brisbane, Guadalupe Valley, Crocker Industrial Park, Visitacion Valley and the old rodeo grounds by Islais Creek. In 1835 this rancho was granted to Jacob P. Leese. In 1884 banker Charles Crocker acquired core holdings of this rancho amounting to 3,997 acres from Leese&#39;s successors, and that land devolved to the Crocker Estate Company, who are the present day owners of San Bruno Mountain. Three other ranchos held minor portions of the northern flank of San Bruno Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The cities that have grown up around the mountain are San Francisco to the north, Brisbane to the east, South San Francisco to the south and both Daly City and Colma to the west.</p><br>
<p>Nossaman attorney Robert D. Thornton pioneered the Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) concept creating the first such plan for the area around San Bruno Mountain.</p><br>
<p>KRON (Channel 4) was the first television station to place a transmitter tower on Radio Peak, in 1949, followed by KQED and KTVU, though these tenants moved their transmitters to Sutro Tower in the 1970s. A number of FM stations built transmitter towers on the mountain, and in 2005, KNTV moved its transmitter to the mountain, on the former KCSM-TV tower. KTSF occupies the former KRON site.</p><br>
<h3>Westbay Controversy</h3><br>
<p>In 1965, Westbay Community Associates announced a plan to level a portion of the mountain to fill 27 square miles of San Francisco Bay north of Sierra Point with landfill. The proposal intended to create housing developments in the "Saddle" just north of Guadalupe Canyon Road and in the landfill zone.</p><br>
<p>In order to remove 250 e6cuyd of earth from the ridge, Westbay proposed using a conveyor belt system to transport the fill across Bayshore Boulevard and Bayshore Freeway to offshore barges, which would then deposit the material along the shores of the Bay.</p><br>
<p>Opposition by organizations such as Save The Bay and the residents of Brisbane led to the defeat of Westbay&#39;s conveyor plan in June 1967 and the ceasing of all landfill operations at Sierra Point by December 1972.</p><br>
<h3>Terra Bay Development</h3><br>
<p>The Terra Bay project was approved in the mid-1980s for development at the south and southeast base of San Bruno Mountain. Terra Bay was constructed in three phases: the first phase constructed townhomes and detached houses; the second phase constructed more housing units, including the one of the tallest buildings in South San Francisco, a condominium tower named the Peninsula Mandalay, and the third phase constructed an office building named Centennial Towers. The original developer, W.W. Dean & Associates, was unable to complete the project, and SunChase Holdings acquired the project in 1992, completing site preparation before selling the parcels for Phase I to Centex Homes.</p><br>
<p>The Terra Bay site was known to include habitat for the Mission blue and Callippe silverspot butterflies; the original developer received a fine in 1983 for bulldozing part of the habitat during site preparation. Under the terms established by the 1982 amendment to the Endangered Species Act, the nation&#39;s first-ever Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) was agreed upon, allowing developers to destroy the habitat of endangered species if substitute lands were made available. SunChase agreed to fund ecological restoration to mitigate the impact of Terra Bay during the development of Phase I under the terms of the San Bruno HCP. SunChase entered a joint venture with Myers Development for the development of Phases II and III; although Phase III had 20 acres of land available for construction, the completed Centennial Towers was scaled back to fit on just 8 acres, partly in order to establish a buffer zone between the development and an ancient shellmound.</p><br>
<p>Although the shellmound had been noted as early as 1909, a sample of 22 m&sup3; of the shellmound conducted in 1989 by Holman & Associates (commissioned by W.W. Dean) revealed the massive shellmound contained human remains, and further, that the shellmound site is eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. The Holman & Associates report was not made public for nearly ten years, with leaked copies circulating privately in 1997, and a public copy incorporated in the draft Environmental Impact Report in 1998. A lawsuit was settled out of court, resulting in the developer selling the land which included the shellmound and habitat for the Mission blue and Callippe silverspot butterflies to The Trust for Public Land, who would incorporate the parcel into San Bruno Mountain State Park. Ultimately, Terra Bay Phase III was scaled back significantly from the original mixed-use retail/office proposal. The shorter 12-story south tower was completed in 2009, and the taller 21-story north tower is scheduled for completion at the end of 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Topography, geology and climate</h2><br>
<p>The name "San Bruno Mountains" was first affixed by the Geological Survey of California in 1865, describing the place as a short range extending from Sierra Point nearly to the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The mountain itself actually consists of two parallel northwest trending ranges separated by the Guadalupe Valley. These two ranges are united by a saddle at the northern end of Colma Canyon. The northernmost range attains a peak of 850 ft, while the southern range rises abruptly from Merced Valley at the south to reach Radio peak in a horizontal distance of only 0.8 mi. This southern range is often referred to as San Bruno Mountain, while the northern range is called the Crocker Hills.</p><br>
<p>The region is drained by two major streams: Guadalupe Valley Creek flowing through Guadalupe Valley, and Colma Creek from a source in the Flower Garden into the deep cleft of Colma Canyon and thence into Merced Valley.</p><br>
<p>In the 1850s San Francisco Bay lapped against the eastern sandstone cliff flank of San Bruno Mountain, whereas today the entire shoreline is bay fill.</p><br>
<p>These two mountains are underlain primarily with late Cretaceous dark greenish-gray graywacke, a poorly sorted sandstone containing angular rock fragments, about ten percent feldspar and detrital chert. The angular unsorted content implies a rapid erosion and burial in a depositional basin, with an outcome of few fossils. Exposed graywacke can be observed on high ridges and on the steep canyon walls. Radiolarian chert is exposed on certain south facing slopes of San Bruno Mountain and at Point San Bruno.</p><br>
<p>The most important rock type is serpentine, a greenish soft material that is the California State Rock. Outcrops of this rock are found near Serbian Ravine and at Point San Bruno. Serpentine&#39;s importance is its unusual and diverse mineral composition which imparts to associate soils the ability to host rare plants, not usually supported on common soils. Therefore, San Bruno Mountain is a habitat for a variety of uncommon plants, which in turn host even rarer animal life.</p><br>
<p>Since the climate is dominated by marine air flow, temperatures are milder in the winter and summer on these mountains. Furthermore, summer temperatures are further reduced by the annual appearance of marine fog enshrouding the mountains most mornings between late June and late August; this fog is particularly pronounced on the western slopes. Minimum credible temperature might extend as low as 20 &deg;F in the sheltered valleys. Winds are higher than on reference locations at surrounding points; in fact, on ridges it is not uncommon for the most fierce winter storms to produce gusts from 50 to 80 mph. Precipitation is similar to surrounding cities, or about 22 in per-annum, with approximately 66 days-per-annum realizing perceptible rain. On several occasions the mountain has been temporarily covered by snow, including December 1932, January 1952, January 1957, January 1962, and February 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Vegetation</h2><br>
<p>There are a variety of habitats in this mountainous area, and notably the following rare or endangered flora:</p><br>
<p>Coast rock cress (Arabis blepharophylla)</p><br>
<p>Franciscan Wallflower (Erysimum franciscanum)</p><br>
<p>Montara Manzanita (Arctostaphylos montaraensis)</p><br>
<p>Pacifica Manzanita (Arctostaphylos pacifica)</p><br>
<p>San Bruno Mountain Manzanita (Arctostaphylos imbricata)</p><br>
<p>San Francisco Campion (Silene verecunda)</p><br>
<p>San Francisco Owl&#39;s Clover (Orthocarpus floribundus)</p><br>
<p>Santo Stefano is an island in the Maddalena archipelago of northern Sardinia, Italy, and part of the Maddalena National Park. It is largely uninhabited and it is mainly known for its hosting of a NATO Naval Base and Italian Navy munitions magazines Apart from the military, the only residences on the island is a tourist resort, Club valtur, which is largely occupied only during the summer months. Public access to the island is made by ferry either from La Maddalena or nearby Palau, on Sardinia.</p><br>
<p>In 1973 the US Navy homeported the submarine tender U.S.S. Howard W. Gilmore at the cement pier of the island.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the United States Navy was issued an executive eviction, which called for abandonment of the island and its return to a national park. However, in 2004, the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, despite the pending eviction, gave the U.S Navy the rights to extend the base using part of the natural park surface to build a new wider office building.</p><br>
<p>The U.S. military is scheduled to leave the region in 2008. left the Italian navy base on September 27, 2007.</p><br>
<p>The military base on Santo Stefano had been chosen to host the 2009 G8 summit before it was moved to L&#39;Aquila. The water is azure blue. On the island is also a tourist resort, the Valtur Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Ellicott’s Stone, also known as the Ellicott Stone, is a boundary marker in northern Mobile County, Alabama. It was placed on April 10, 1799 by a joint USA-Spanish survey party headed by Andrew Ellicott. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 11 April 1973.</p><br>
<p>It is the only known stone monument set by Ellicott when he surveyed the 31st parallel north latitude, which served as the boundary line between the Mississippi Territory in the United States and Spanish West Florida. Ellicott&#39;s Stone is the initial point for all United States Public Land surveys in the southern region of Alabama and Mississippi. It is the point of intersection of what is known today as the St. Stephens meridian and the St. Stephens baseline.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The stone marker, a ferruginous sandstone block about two feet high and eight inches (203 mm) thick, is near the west bank of the Mobile River. On the northern side of the stone is an inscription stating "USA Lat. 31, 1799." The inscription on the southern side reads "Dominio De S.M. Carlos IV, Lat. 31, 1799." (Dominion of his majesty King Charles IV, Lat. 31, 1799)</p><br>
<p>The Bayard–Condict Building at 65 Bleecker Street between Broadway and Lafayette Street, at the head of Crosby Street in the NoHo neighbourhood of Manhattan, New York City is the only work of architect Louis Sullivan in New York City. It was built between 1897 and 1899 in the Chicago School style; the associate architect was Lyndon P. Smith. The building was originally known as the Condict Building before being renamed the Bayard Building. The building was considered to be a radical design for its time, since it contravened the strictures of American Renaissance architecture which were the accepted status quo, but had little influence on architectural design in New York City, because of its location in the industrial area that Bleecker Street was during that period. It is located in the NoHo Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1975, and has been a National Historic Landmark since 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>This commercial office building is clad in white terra cotta over a masonry wall. The Bayard Building was one of the first steel skeleton frame skyscrapers in New York City and the Department of Buildings raised numerous objections to the design before the plans were finally accepted. It is one of the first examples of the Chicago school style of architecture in New York City.</p><br>
<p>The division of the building into three sections &ndash; an ornamented base, a shaft of identical stacked floors, and a decorated crown &ndash; illustrates Sullivans views on skyscraper design. At 13 stories and 162 feet (49 meters) high and a building area of 104,775 sq.ft, the building does not attempt to disguise its height, but rather accentuates it by leaving relatively undecorated mullions and pilasters. Sullivans signature ornate floral designs decorate the base and top of the facade, and across the spandrels below the window openings. Figural sculptures of angels were added at the request of the client, Silas Alden Condict, over Sullivan&#39;s objections.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In 2000, WASA/Studio A, a New York City-based architecture and engineering firm, designed and oversaw the careful restoration of the exterior of the Bayard–Condict Building. Of the 7,000 glazed architectural terra-cotta tile units, 1,300 were found to be cracked and required removal. Of these, only 30 units were damaged beyond repair and were replicated. The remainder were epoxied and blind pinned, and then reinstalled. At some point in the buildings history, the original storefronts were replaced with insensitive commercial aluminum storefronts. This "renovation" removed the extravagantly ornate original column capitals; only one survived in the basement of the Brooklyn Museum. When the storefronts were restored by others, WASA/Studio A had the column capitals replicated based on the surviving original and reinstalled. In 2003, the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation recognized the restorations excellence with a Village Award.</p><br>
<p>Altyn-Tagh,  is a part of the range south of Lop Nor, and is a mountain range in northwestern China that separates the eastern Tarim Basin from the Tibetan Plateau. The western third is in Xinjiang while the eastern part forms the border between Qinghai to the south and Xinjiang and Gansu to the north.</p><br>
<p>Altun Shan is also the name of a 5,830 m mountain near the eastern end of the range, the highest point in Gansu.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Altyn Tag means Gold Mountain in Turkic, and Shan is Chinese for mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>A series of mountain ranges run along the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. In the west are the Kunlun Mountains. About halfway across the south side of the Tarim Basin, the Altyn-Tagh Range diverges northeast while the Kunluns continue directly east, forming a relatively narrow "V". Inside the "V" are a number of endorheic basins. The eastern end of the Altyn-Shan is near the Dangjin Pass on the Dunhuang-Golmud road in far western Gansu. East of the Altyn-Tagh the border range rises to the Qilian Mountains. The range separates the Tarim Basin, to the north, and Lake Ayakkum, to the south. The range can be divided into three portions. The southwest portion borders the Kunlun Mountains, is very rugged, with peaks reaching more than 6,100 m and many perennial snow fields. The central portion is lower in elevation, around 4,000 m. The eastern portion is higher in elevation, about 5,000 m and consists of a group of smaller ranges oriented in a south-east to north-west trend.</p><br>
<p>Along the northern side of the mountains ran the main Silk road trade route from China proper to the Tarim Basin and westward. The Altyn-Tagh and Qilians were sometimes called the Nan Shan (south mountains) because they were south of the main route. Near the east end of the Altyn-Shan, the Gansu or Hexi Corridor ends and the Silk Road splits. One branch follows the Altyn-Tagh along the south side of the Tarim Basin while the other follows the north side.</p><br>
<p>The southwestern part of the Altyn-Tagh range reaches snowy peaks of up to 6,295 m, although it descends to an average of 4,000 m in the narrow middle and eventually rises up to average 5,000 m as it meets the Qilian Mountains.</p><br>
<p>There are a dearth of rivers and streams in these mountains, due to the aridity of the region. The western portion has some small streams that either head north into the desert or south into Lake Ayakkum. The remainder of the range is lacking in rivers.</p><br>
<h2>Intermontane endorheic basins</h2><br>
<p>Inside the "V" shaped area between the Altyn-Tagh and the main Kunlun range (which in this area is called Arka-Tagh) a number of endorheic basins are located.</p><br>
<p>Within southeastern Xinjiang, the main of these basins is the Kumkol Basin</p><br>
<p>The two main lakes in this basin are the saline Lake Aqqikkol (also Ajig Kum Kul, Achak-kum;; 37°05′N，88°25′E, 4,250 m elevation) and Lake Ayakum (; 37°30′N，89°30′E; elevation 3,876 m).</p><br>
<p>Farther east, in northwestern Qinghai, the much larger Qaidam Basin starts between the Altyn-Tagh and the Kunlun and extends almost to the east side of the plateau; the Altyn-Tagh separates the west side of this basin from the Kumtagh Desert.</p><br>
<h2>Major Peaks</h2><br>
<p>The five highest peaks are Sulamutag Feng (6,245 m), Yusupu Aleketag Shan (6,065 m), Altun Shan (5,830 m), Muzluktag (5,766 m) and Kogantag (4,800 m).</p><br>
<h2>Economic development</h2><br>
<p>China National Highway 315 crosses the Altyn-Tagh on its way between Qinghai and Xinjiang.</p><br>
<p>The Golmud-Korla Railway (under construction) will cross the Altyn-Tagh as well. The project involves the construction of the 13.195 km-long Altyn-Tagh Tunnel (阿尔金山隧道).</p><br>
<p>Congress Avenue is a major thoroughfare in Austin, Texas. The street is a six-lane, tree lined avenue that cuts through the middle of the city from far south Austin and goes over Lady Bird Lake leading to the Texas State Capitol in the heart of Downtown.</p><br>
<p>Congress Avenue south of Lady Bird Lake is known as South Congress, often abbreviated to SoCo, and is an increasingly popular shopping and rental district. It passes the historic Travis Heights neighborhood, the Texas School for the Deaf, and St. Edward&#39;s University as it passes south out of town.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Edwin Waller, the first mayor of Austin, designed Congress Avenue to be Austin&#39;s most prominent street. Early structures along Congress Avenue included government buildings, hotels, saloons, retail stores and restaurants. By the late 1840s "The Avenue" formed a well-established business district. The mid-1870s introduced gaslight illumination and mule-driven streetcars as well as construction of a new Travis County courthouse at Eleventh Street. The present Texas Capitol at the north end of Congress Avenue was built in 1888. The original dirt street was bricked in 1910. Trolley cars operated on the Avenue until 1940.</p><br>
<p>Before Interstate 35 was completed in the 1960s, Congress Avenue was the primary road to reach Austin from the south. Certain landmarks such as the Austin Motel identify the road as a major thoroughfare for travellers through the mid-20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Route description</h2><br>
<p>Congress Avenue begins at an intersection with Slaughter Lane near Interstate 35. It heads to the north-northeast, diverging away from I-35. This portion of Congress from Slaughter Lane north to the Williamson Creek bridge is maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation and carries the Loop 275 designation. After the intersection with Stassney Lane, the road heads to the northeast, now parallel to I-35. Congress Avenue passes over the USA Highway 290 freeway as it travels to the northeast. Continuing to the northeast, it passes by St. Edward&#39;s University before crossing over Lady Bird Lake (Colorado River) by way of the Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge. The street continues northeast through downtown Austin to 11th Street at the Texas State Capitol. At the Capitol, it splits into a one-way pair, with the northbound lanes going around the east side of the Capitol, and the southbound lanes going around the west side. The street merges back to a 2-way street northeast of the Capitol and continues heading to the northeast. It continues for several more blocks before coming to an end at the University of Texas at Austin campus at Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard.</p><br>
<h2>Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge</h2><br>
<p>The Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge over Lady Bird Lake houses the world&#39;s largest urban bat population. When the bridge was refurbished in the 1980s, the new design created crevices underneath the structure that happened to be ideal for bats to roost in. In the summer, the colony has up to 1.5 million Mexican Free-tailed Bats. The bats can be seen emerging by the thousands from under the bridge every evening throughout the summer, before they migrate to Mexico for the winter.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>In recognition of its architectural and historical significance, Congress Avenue from First Street to the Capitol was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The Capitol forms a terminating vista at the north end of Congress; this view became one of the Capitol View Corridors protected under state and local law from obstruction by tall buildings in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Bald Hill is a hill on the Illawarra Range, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. With an elevation of approximately 300 m AMSL, Bald Hill is one of the best known and most popular lookouts in the Illawarra region providing panoramic vistas across the Illawarra escarpment and over the Illawarra plain and the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The nature reserve on the hill is internationally renown as a major hang gliding and paragliding site. It was on the beach below Bald Hill that Lawrence Hargrave, an Australian pioneer of flight, experimented with box kites in the early part of the 20th century. A memorial cairn dedicated to Hargrave is located at the peak of the hill near the carpark.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The hill is actually a tall headland, forming the northern end of the Illawarra escarpment. Stony Batter, just north of Bald Hill, forms a sandstone outcrop peak to the coastal ridge and has equally good views, reached by a track from Bald Hill Lookout that enters the Royal National Park to a small way in. The coastal ridge continues north, forming the Otford and Bulgo hill formations; the escarpment itself turns into the white cliffs of the Royal National Park.</p><br>
<p>From Bald Hill Lookout there is a 360-degree view. Northwest is Stanwell Tops and Undola Ridge, which Bald Hill is the eastern tip of, and the Royal National Park. The hills of the Royal National Park make way in the northeast for Stony Batter, accessed via a short track. To the far north from Stony Batter and Bald Hill views of the Royal National Park&#39;s white cliffs are seen, and a sharp drop to the Tasman Sea lies to the east. To the south is Stanwell Park and Mount Mitchell, about 290 m above sea level, and the Illawarra escarpment south to Saddleback Mountain and beyond to Jervis Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Stanwell Park Reserve and Bald Hill history</h2><br>
<h3>Aboriginal history</h3><br>
<p>The traditional custodians of the land surrounding Bald Hill are the Australian Aboriginal Tharawal people.</p><br>
<h3>European history</h3><br>
<p>Bald Hill was granted to Matthew Gibbons in 1832 by Governor Bourke. Campbell Mitchell bought Bald Hill and Stanwell Park from Gibbons and in 1871; with Mitchell leasing the northern end of his land to Justice Hargrave, the father of Lawrence Hargrave. Justice Hargrave subsequently became entitled to 640 acre extending from Bald Hill down to Stanwell Creek. In 1872, Mitchell went bankrupt and was forced to sell his 1,325 acre of land to Justice Hargrave for £2,650. Justice Hargrave had ownership of Otford, Stanwell Park and the Coal Cliffs as far as. When Justice Hargrave died in 1885, his land was distributed between his children.</p><br>
<p>Lawrence Hargrave lived at the house known as Hillcrest between 1893-1899, after inheriting the property from his brother. Lawrence Hargrave created many of his monoplanes and cellular kites while at Hillcrest. The 13.5 acre estate remained in the Hargrave family until 1940, when it was purchased by Colin Campbell and his wife. In 1949, Mrs Campbell donated the house and property to the State Trustees of the Temple Society of Australia who were to use the home for the aged and the sick. Hargraves most successful and recognised achievement occurred on 12 November 1894 in which Hargrave was lifted 16 ft into the air on Stanwell Park Beach by a series of four box kites that he had created. Hargraves significant work on box kites had important consequences on wing design and the soon after creation of the airplane. Hargrave conducted his heavier-than-air flights on Stanwell Park Reserve Beach.</p><br>
<p>On 3 August 1940, the Lawrence Hargrave memorial was erected on Bald Hill. The monument was placed on Bald Hill to signify Hargrave&#39;s work in aeronautics and overlooks the scene of his experiments. The height of this location suggests altitude, as in flight; and the location was also considered appropriate due to the popularity of the site as a tourist destination. The sandstone memorial exhibits a bronze plaque, mounted beneath a bronze high relief portrait of Hargrave holding a box kite in a landscape background. The inscriptions on the memorial currently reads as follows:</p><br>
<h2>Tourist attraction</h2><br>
<p>Bald Hill is a major tourist destination commonly visited for sight seeing, hang gliding and paragliding. In September 2001 two hang gliders died after takeoff from Bald Hill, which resulted in a coronial inquiry and the adoption of a management plan over Bald Hill in May 2003. Significant improvements to the management of hang gliding and paragliding activities have been undertaken since. Bald Hill (Lawrence Hargrave Memorial Park) is listed in the Wollongong Local Environment Plan as a heritage item of state significance. It is also listed in the Illawarra Regional Environmental Plan as a heritage item.</p><br>
<p>The name is becoming rather a misnomer, for growth of weeds and grasses has become quite prevalent on its mid slopes from its base. There are toilet and carpark facilities and several sculptures, notably one depicting a hang glider gliding above the escarpment. Motorbike tour groups use the reserve as a stop on their tours and nearby Otford has a similar lookout. Access to the lookout is by way of Lawrence Hargrave Drive from either Stanwell Tops, Otford or Stanwell Park. There is currently no major track to the lookout, although there is a small walking track from Chellow Dene Avenue in Stanwell Park to the top of the hill. In 2013, the Wollongong City Council announced plans to proceed with an 5.3 million plan to redevelop Bald Hill.</p><br>
<p>In November each year, the Stanwell Park Festival of Flight is celebrated to commemorate the anniversary of Hargrave&#39;s achievements.</p><br>
<p>The Kaufungen Forest  is a range of steep, wooded hills straddling the border between the states of Hesse and Lower Saxony in central Germany.</p><br>
<p>The hills lie in the fork of the Rivers Fulda and Werra, which meet at Hannoversch Münden just to the north. They are bounded to the west and north-west by the Fulda valley, and to the east and north-east by the Werra valley. The southern boundary is less clearly defined, as the range merges into the gentler hills of the Söhrewald to the south-west, and climbs towards the high plateau of the Hoher Meißner to the south-east.</p><br>
<p>The highest natural point is 643m Hirschberg; however the 641m summit of Bilstein forms a much better natural viewpoint, and since 1869 has been crowned with an observation tower. The present tower was erected in 1889 and extended to its present height of 20m in 1960; it offers panoramic views across the region. Other peaks include Mühlenstein (607m),</p><br>
<p>Haferberg (581m), Langenberg (565m), Großer Steinberg (542m) and Kleiner Steinberg (542m).</p><br>
<p>The area is popular for walking and especially for cycling; an extensive network of waymarked forestry and agricultural tracks provide excellent traffic-free routes. The annual attracts hundreds of mountain bikers to compete in races of varying length and difficulty. In winter, the same trails are used for cross-country skiing. The main tourist centre for the area is the small town of Großalmerode. Other settlements include Kaufungen (which lends its name to the range), Helsa and Nieste. The larger towns of Kassel, Witzenhausen and Hessisch Lichtenau lie on the western, eastern and southern fringes respectively.</p><br>
<p>The entire of the area enjoys protected status; the hills in Hesse form part of the Meißner-Kaufungen Forest Nature Park, while those in Lower Saxony belong to the Münden Nature Park. However, the southern part of the range may be affected by the planned extension of the A44 autobahn from its present end in Kassel to Eisenach. The controversial extension, which has been delayed and rerouted several times on environmental grounds, is part of a national strategy to improve communications between the east and west of Germany, in the wake of reunification.</p><br>
<p>Karamana is a river flowing through the city of Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, India. The river starts near the southern tip of the Western Ghats at Agastyar Koodam. The river flows 66 km westward and merges with the Arabian Sea at Panathura near Kovalam. The river gets its name from Karamana, a suburb of Thiruvananthapuram city, through which it flows.</p><br>
<p>The catchment area is mostly forested, command area is under mixed dry land crops such as coconut, tapioca, pepper, plantain, rice, etc.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries and Distributaries</h2><br>
<p>The Karamana rises in the vicinity of the Agasthiarkoodam about 1600 m above the sea level. The peaks of origin of the river are today known as Chemmunji Motta and Aathiramala and its upper tributary rivers are the Kaaviyaar, Attayaar, Vaiyappadyaar and Thodayaar. The river flows for 66 kilometers in a south - south west direction before flowing into the Arabian Sea.</p><br>
<p>The largest tributary of the Karamana is the Killiyar, which flows for a distance of 24 kilometres. It has five anicuts on it which regulates the flow of water. Part of the water is diverted into the Kochar channel which in turn feeds the Padmatheertham pond outside the Padmanabhaswamy Temple. There are several temples located along the Killiyar&#39;s banks, the most famous of which is the Attukal Temple.</p><br>
<p>The Killiyar drains the Nedumangad forest and its basin is rich in avian fauna. The river merges with the Arabian Sea through the Pozhikkara estuary. In its final lap, the river runs parallel to the sea and the river here is known as the Edayar.</p><br>
<h2>Dams</h2><br>
<p>The Karamana river has two important dams on it. These are the Aruvikkara Dam, built in the 1930s and the Peppara Dam which lies further upstream and was built in 1983. The Aruvikkara Dam was completed with the aim of providing piped drinking water to the city. The Trivandrum Water Works, inaugurated by and named after Lord Willingdon in 1933, is in charge of receiving and distributing the Karamana&#39;s waters to the city even today. A JICA funded project is under way to augment the water distribution network in the city. The Peppara Dam regulates the flow of water into the Aruvikkara Dam by unifying all the upper tributaries of the Karamana river. The Peppara Dam has played a crucial role in eliminating the floods that once used to characterized the Karamana. There is also a 3 MW hydel power station at Peppara.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges</h2><br>
<p>The Karamana river has several bridges across it. The largest is at Karamana itself, where the NH-47 crosses it. This was built by Lt Col. Horsley, the author of the earliest English treatise on history of Travancore, and inaugurated in 1853. Other important bridges are at Thrikkunnapuram, Mangattu Kadavu, Kundamon Kadavu, Vellaikadavu, Jagathi bridge, Aruvikkara (on the dam), Maruthoor kadavu.</p><br>
<h2>Biodiversity</h2><br>
<p>The Karamana river basin supports a range of plants that are typical of the tropics. These include the wild cane, bamboo, mangroves, water lilies and coconut trees. The screw pine or pandanus is another common species along the river&#39;s banks. The Cerbera odollam, called Othalam in Malayalam, is found along the lower reaches of the river. Fish species found in the Karamana include Karimeen, Chekkaali, Kariyida, Paruminali, Cherumeen, Vaala, Nedumeen, Aaral, Maalavu and Paaval.</p><br>
<h2>Ecological Concerns</h2><br>
<p>The Karamana has been facing the problems of pollution, acidification and fish kill in recent years. The causes for the deterioration in the rivers water quality include the discharge of untreated sewage and domestic and industrial effluents into the river and the unregulated development of tourism in the river basin area. This has resulted in the lowering of dissolved oxygen levels in the rivers water and caused fish kill downstream of the river. Illegal mining of river sand is another significant threat being faced by the river.</p><br>
<h2>In Literature and Music</h2><br>
<p>The beauty of the Karamana and the fact that it wound through forests earned the river the name Vanamala, the garland of the forest, in Sanskrit. It is referred to as the ‘Makaraakara’ river in the Jain ascetic Udyodana Suri&#39;s 8th century Prakrit text Kuvalayamaala.</p><br>
<p>The Karamana river also closely influenced the development of music in Kerala. Some of the singers, instrumentalists and composers who are associated with the river include Irayimman Thampi, Vadivelu, Neelakanta Sivan and K S Chitra. Besides, the composer-king Swathi Thirunal was also influenced by the river&#39;s scenic beauty. Over a dozen of his court musicians hailed from the Karamana village on the banks of the river.</p><br>
<p>Mount Owen is a mountain directly east of the town of Queenstown on the West Coast Range in Western Tasmania, Australia.</p><br>
<p>With an elevation of 1,146 m above sea level,</p><br>
<h2>Features and access</h2><br>
<p>Historically, the tree line on Mount Owen was to a high level. However, timber on the slopes was used by the local mining operations. In the early days of settlement, fires started on the slopes destroyed housing in Queenstown and threatened the North Mount Lyell Railway.</p><br>
<p>By the early twentieth century, the slopes of Mount Owen were denuded and had limited remnant vegetation.</p><br>
<p>A map in Geoffrey Blaineys The Peaks of Lyell, sourced from 1900–1910, calls the north west peak the North Spur&#39;. The northern slopes, clearly visible from the Lyell Highway passing through the Linda Valley, show the extent of degradation due to fire, smelter fumes and heavy rainfall. It has small glacial lakes on its upper eastern slope, indicating the extent of glaciation in the King River valley. The western slopes loom over Queenstown and in winter are regularly covered in snow. The eastern wall to its north eastern peak hangs over the western shore of Lake Burbury and, in earlier times, the North Mount Lyell Railway which passed beneath.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1890s a number of mining ventures that utilized proximity to mining leases with the name Mount Lyell as an attractor of investment, tried to elicit interest in leases on the lower slope of Mount Owen.</p><br>
<h2>Current conditions</h2><br>
<p>There are TV and communications towers on its north west peak (North Spur), which has been used a vehicle access track. Other geological features near Mount Owen include Mount Lyell to the north and Mount Huxley to the south.</p><br>
<p>Mount Owen is accessible on foot along a formed four wheel track. As early as 1938 suggestions were made to create a formed track for tourists and visitors.</p><br>
<p>The surface is gravel and rocks. It is a moderate to hard walk and takes about 4 hours including the return trip. The walk starts at Karlson’s Gap, the saddle between Gormanston and Mt Owen.</p><br>
<p>The Hulu Perak District is one of twelve administrative districts located in the north-east corner of Perak in Malaysia. To the east of the district is the state of Kelantan, to the west is Kedah, to the south is the district of Kuala Kangsar while to the south-west is the district of Larut, Matang and Selama. Hulu Perak also shares a border with Betong District of Thailand. The seat of the district is Gerik, which is also the largest town of the district.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The geography of Hulu Perak district features the Titiwangsa Mountains, with 1,533 m high Ulu Titi Basah peak located on the Thai/Malaysian border, and Temenggor Lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1511, after the fall of the Malacca Sultanate to the Portuguese, Sultan Mahmud Shah retreated and established his government in Bentan. In 1526 the Portuguese attacked his domain again and forced him to retreat to Kampar and to establish his rule there.</p><br>
<p>At that time, Tun Saban had moved to Upper Patani and stayed at Beredung Budi. He then moved to Belum Forest in Hulu Perak, founded a village at a place called Relap Hati, and became the chief of the peoples in Belum Forest.</p><br>
<p>For sometime until the 19th century, a good part of this district was under the sovereignty of Siam, as part of the old Malay kingdom of Reman. The area then under Thai control included what is today Gerik, Pengkalan Hulu (Kroh), Kerunai, the Belum forest and the Temenggor Lakes. The capital of Reman was near Pengkalan Hulu.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, the border between the then-British protected state of Perak and the Siamese vassal state of Reman was delimited at Bukit Nasha, some 5 km south of Gerik town.</p><br>
<p>An adjustment in 1899 transferred Gerik town and the surrounding commune to the Federated Malay States, which Perak was then part of.</p><br>
<p>The present-day border, part of the longer Malaysia-Thailand border, was finalised in 1909, when the districts of Pengkalan Hulu, Kerunai, Belukar Semang, Belum and the present-day Temenggor Lakes were transferred to the FMS. The British also gained control of Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative divisions</h2><br>
<p>Hulu Perak District is divided into 10 mukims, which are:</p><br>
<p>Belukar Semang</p><br>
<p>Belum</p><br>
<p>Durian Pipit</p><br>
<p>Gerik</p><br>
<p>Kenering</p><br>
<p>Kerunai</p><br>
<p>Lenggong</p><br>
<p>Pengkalan Hulu</p><br>
<p>Temelong</p><br>
<p>Temenggor</p><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<p>Three district councils administer the district:</p><br>
<p>Gerik District Council, based at the town of Gerik - a district capital of Hulu Perak</p><br>
<p>Lenggong District Council, based at the town of Lenggong</p><br>
<p>Pengkalan Hulu District Council, based at the town of Pengkalan Hulu (previously known as Keroh)</p><br>
<p>The Hulu Perak district is represented in the Dewan Rakyat of the Parliament of Malaysia as the Gerik and Lenggong constituencies. Each of these two constituencies also contribute two seats to the Perak State Legislative Assembly.</p><br>
<p>Giewont is a mountain massif in the Tatra Mountains of Poland, and is 1,895 metres AMSL at its highest.</p><br>
<p>It comprises three peaks (all m/metres in AMSL):</p><br>
<p>Small Giewont - (Polish Mały Giewont, 1,728 m)</p><br>
<p>Great Giewont - (Wielki Giewont, 1,895 m)</p><br>
<p>Long Giewont - (Długi Giewont, 1,867 m).</p><br>
<p>There is a mountain pass located between Great and Long Giewont, known as Szczerba (1,823 m). It is located between the valleys (doliny) of Kondratowa, Małej Łąki and Strążyska. Long Giewont and Great Giewont are situated at a higher altitude than the nearby town of Zakopane, making them clearly visible from that city.</p><br>
<p>On Great Giewont, there is a 15 m steel cross (erected in 1901) - the site of religious pilgrimages.</p><br>
<p>The area is notorious for its hazardous nature during thunderstorms, so this should be taken into consideration when approaching the summit.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, Giewont is composed of dolomite and limestone caves, as well as gneiss and granite in the southern section.</p><br>
<p>The first recorded ascent to Giewont&#39;s summit was undertaken in 1830 by Franciszek Herbich and Aleksander Zawadzki (the 19th century explorer, not the 20th century communist). The first winter ascent of Giewont occurred in 1904 by a group of five mountaineers led by Mariusz Zaruski.</p><br>
<p>Nowadays the climbing on Giewont is strictly banned. On the other hand hiking on the hiking trails is allowed and the access (except the winter) is not difficult hence Giewont is a very popular destination among amblers and Sunday tourists. In the summer up to few thousands tourists a day ascend the top.</p><br>
<p>Giewont lies in the area of the Polish Tatra National Park (Tatrzański Park Narodowy). In Polish folklore it is associated with a legend about oversleeping knights, who will awake when Poland is in danger. The profile of the mountains is similar to a lying knight, wherein the Long Giewont is the knights torso, and the Great Giewont is the knights face as viewed from the side (the three peaks being the chin, the nose, and the eyebrow). The image of Giewont as viewed from the north (see below) makes the profile easy to discern.</p><br>
<p>Sir Bani Yas  is a natural island located 170 km southwest of Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates. It lies 9 km offshore from Jebel Dhanna, which serves as a crossing point to other islands such as Dalma . Sir Bani Yas is 17.5 km from north to south and 9 km from east to west, making it the largest natural island in the United Arab Emirates. Located just off the shore of the Western region of Abu Dhabi, Sir Bani Yas island was originally home to Arabia&#39;s largest wildlife reserve. Spanning over 87 km&sup2, the reserve was established in 1977 by Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan. Thanks to decades of conservation work and ecological investment, it is now home to thousands of large free-roaming animals and several million trees and plants. A bird sanctuary as well as a wildlife reserve, Sir Bani Yas showcases nature through activities such as adventure safaris, kayaking, mountain biking, archery, hiking and snorkeling.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name Sir Bani Yas Island originates from the Bani Yas tribe, who first inhabited Abu Dhabi. Sir Bani Yas Island is the crest of a salt dome created millions of years ago by natural geological forces.</p><br>
<p>The first human settlers arrived several thousand years ago. Thirty-six archaeological sites have been discovered throughout Sir Bani Yas, each providing a distinct insight into the island&#39;s history. One of the oldest sites is the remains of a Nestorian Christian monastery which dates back to 600 AD. Each of these sites has now been carefully covered, to protect them until the time when they can be incorporated into the destination experience.</p><br>
<p>Sir Bani Yas Island was first mentioned in European literature around 1590, when the Venetian jeweller Gasparo Balbi listed "Sirbeniast" as an island around which pearls were often found. It was also described in some detail during the 1820s and 1850s by British naval officers who were surveying the lower Gulf waters.</p><br>
<p>In 1971 Sheikh Zayed became the first president of the United Arab Emirates, and chose this island as a retreat. In 1977, he passed a law prohibiting hunting on the island and started developing it as a wildlife preserve in his "Greening of the Desert" programme, which was designed to help make the deserts more suitable for human settlement and provide a haven for many of Arabia&#39;s endangered wildlife species. Several millions trees were planted and numerous animals species introduced to the island, including gazelle, oryx, llama, rhea, giraffe, and ostrich. Once the reserve was established, Sheikh Zayed wanted to share the results with the world; hence it was opened to weekend tourists. These tours soon became so popular that visits would often have to be booked over one year in advance.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the Government of Abu Dhabi established the Desert Islands. This brought together Sir Bani Yas Island, neighboring Dalma Island, and six surrounding sandy outcrops into one destination. Sir Bani Yas and Dalma Islands are developed and can be visited, but the 6 discovery islands are currently closed to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife and nature</h2><br>
<p>Sir Bani Yas Island is home to many species, from Arabian oryx, Somali ostrich, gazelle and deer to reticulated giraffes, dolphins and sea turtles. Many of the more than one-hundred species of wild birds which can be found on the island are indigenous to the region. The island is home to around 30 species of mammals, including a variety of antelope and one of the world’s largest herd of endangered Arabian oryx. The Arabian oryx, a species of antelope, was formerly extinct in the wild, but Sir Bani Yas Island is home to a herd of over 400 who roam freely on the island.</p><br>
<p>Taking up about half of Sir Bani Yas Island, the Arabian Wildlife Park provides an environment for wild animals to freely roam while the island remains open for visitors. The Park houses some 13,000 animals indigenous to the Arabian Peninsula including the endangered Arabian Oryx, Sand Gazelle and Mountain Gazelle as well as free-roaming predators and scavengers such as the Sudan cheetah and striped hyena.</p><br>
<p>While research and conservation efforts are a major part in the park’s current development, a number of wildlife and adventure activities are already available for visitors. These include game drives, nature trails, mountain biking, and outdoor dining.</p><br>
<p>Sir Bani Yas Island is home to many animals that the International Union for Conservation of Nature classifies as critically endangered or vulnerable, including Sea Turtles, Sand Gazelles, Urial sheep, Barbary sheep and Arabian Oryx. Therefore, the island plays a significant role in protecting these animals for future generations. More than 10,000 animals from Sir Bani Yas Island have been released into wildlife reserves such as the one in the Liwa Desert, on the Abu Dhabi mainland. This programme has been carried out in conjunction with the Environment Agency Abu Dhabi.</p><br>
<h2>Hospitality</h2><br>
<p>Located adjacent to a lagoon, on the northwest reaches of Sir Bani Yas Island, is the Desert Islands Resort & Spa by Anantara with 64 rooms including six private lodges. The resort is also home to three restaurants, a spa, health club, kids club and business facilities.</p><br>
<p>TDIC (Tourism Development and Investment Company) has announced in May 2014 that it was marketing a new hotel lease possibility in the island.</p><br>
<h2>Sustainability</h2><br>
<p>The island is being developed with respect to its nature and delicate ecosystem. The island operates the region’s first wind turbine, which has a production capacity of 850 kilowatts is currently it is producing energy to power the island’s facilities alongside conventional supply from the national grid. The island also uses solar energy to power part of the staff accommodation which is not currently connected to the electricity grid.</p><br>
<p>The Abu Dhabi-based renewable energy company Masdar has declared plans to raise wind production capacity to 30 megawatts.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The island has a number of significant historical sites, including remnants of Late Stone Age and early Islamic structures. The island is also the location of the only pre-Islamic Christian site to be found in the UAE. The 7th-century Christian church was opened to the public in mid-December 2010. It was discovered in 1992 and has been the focus of archaeological investigation under a team led by Dr. Joseph Elders. Dr. Elders claims the church was used by Nestorian Christians until about 750 AD.</p><br>
<p>Tule Lake is an intermittent lake covering an area of 13,000 acre, 8.0 km long and 4.8 km across, in northeastern Siskiyou County and northwestern Modoc County in California, along the border with Oregon.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Tule Lake is fed by the Lost River. The elevation of the lake is 4,035 ft.</p><br>
<p>Tule Lake is located 2.4 km, southwest of the town of Tulelake in Northern California.</p><br>
<h3>Wildlife and water</h3><br>
<p>It is part of the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge and the Klamath Project.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Canby&#39;s Cross is located about three miles south of the lake; it is the site where General Edward Canby was killed by the Modoc chief Kintpuash, also known to American settlers as Captain Jack.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the United States federal government forced the evacuation of Japanese nationals and Japanese Americans, including citizens born in the United States, to numerous camps built in the interior of California and inland states. They were forced to sell their businesses and homes, and suffered enormous economic and psychological losses by being treated as potential enemies. The Tule Lake War Relocation Center, a Japanese American internment camp, is located to the east in neighboring Modoc County. Following World War II, the federal government awarded 86 farm sites on land reclaimed by the drainage of Tule Lake to returning veterans using a Land Lottery. A lottery was used because the number of applicants was greater than the number of homesteads available.Klamath Project, "The Klamath Project at 100:</p><br>
<p>Conserving our Resources, Preserving our Heritage" accessed 3 July 2015</p><br>
<p>Stuart Island is one of the Discovery Islands of British Columbia, which lie between northern Vancouver Island and the British Columbia Coast. It is privately owned and has no ferry access. It is situated at the mouth of Bute Inlet to the east of the larger Sonora Island within Electoral Area C of the Strathcona Regional District. The island, and Bute Inlet, were named for John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1762 to 1763.</p><br>
<p>The island is mostly home to exclusive fishing lodges and large private estates. Most of the visitors arrive by float plane or helicopter. Nanook Lodge is the only fishing/adventure lodge open to the public on Stuart Island and has scheduled daily seaplane service from Seattle.</p><br>
<p>Among the property owners on this island is Dennis Washington, a Montana businessman and owner of the Seaspan Marine Corporation, Dave Ritchie, a Vancouver businessman and Kris Mailman, Owner and CEO of Seymour Pacific Developments and Broadstreet Properties. On his estate Dennis Washington has blasted out of the granite a 9-hole golf course.</p><br>
<p>Stuart Island has a paved, private airstrip, approximately 2100 feet long. It does not appear on any aeronautical chart or in the Canada Flight Supplement. The Big Bay Water Aerodrome appears in the Water Aerodrome Supplement.</p><br>
<p>East Side Lake is a 40 acre reservoir in Austin, Minnesota in western Mower County, which is in the southeast part of the state. It is one of two man-made lakes in Mower County , which is one of only four counties in Minnesota without a natural lake. The majority of the lake is only 5–6 feet deep.</p><br>
<h2>Dobbins Creek</h2><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s only tributary and only outflow is Dobbins Creek, which starts in Red Rock Township and flows through Nicolville.</p><br>
<p>For decades, untreated sewage (including feces) from the unincorporated community of Nicolville was dumped into Dobbins Creek approximately three miles (5 km) upstream from East Side Lake. Fecal bacteria were measured at up to 11 times the level allowed in surface water by state law. The town installed a sewage treatment system in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Discovery Islands are the islands in the Discovery Passage between Vancouver Island and the mainland in British Columbia. These islands are sometimes considered to be part of the Northern Gulf Islands.</p><br>
<p>The Discovery Passage starts where the Strait of Georgia narrows between Quadra Island and Vancouver Island and continues north to Chatham Point, where it meets the Nodales Channel and Johnstone Strait. The complex geography of the area can make it difficult to determine when travelling by boat if a sighted coastline belongs to the mainland, Vancouver Island, or one of the Discovery Islands.</p><br>
<p>Most of these islands have very few residents. The primary attraction to visitors is the salmon fishing and there are numerous fishing lodges. Only Quadra Island and Cortes Island have ferry service. The remainder are served by private boat or float plane.</p><br>
<p>The Discovery Islands are all located within the Strathcona Regional District, except for a few of the southernmost, such as Hernando Island and Savary Island, which are in the Powell River Regional District. The larger islands within the Discovery Islands are (roughly from west to east, then north to south, with some of the smaller islands indicated next to a nearby larger island):</p><br>
<p>Hardwicke Island (north: Poyntz, Seymour, Murray; west: Yorke; south: Helmcken)</p><br>
<p>West Thurlow Island</p><br>
<p>East Thurlow Island (west: Walkem Islands; south: Tum)</p><br>
<p>Sonora Island (northwest: Hardinge, Block)</p><br>
<p>Stuart Island</p><br>
<p>Quadra Island (north: Okis Islands)</p><br>
<p>Maurelle Island</p><br>
<p>Read Island (east: Hill Island, Penn Islands)</p><br>
<p>Rendezvous Islands</p><br>
<p>Raza Island</p><br>
<p>West Redonda Island (south: Mink, Kinghorn, and the Martin Islands; north: Elizabeth)</p><br>
<p>East Redonda Island (south: Melville, Morgan, Eveleigh, Otter, and the William Islands; north: Double, Channel)</p><br>
<p>Marina Island</p><br>
<p>Cortes Island (west: Subtle Islands)</p><br>
<p>Twin Islands</p><br>
<p>Hernando Island (east: Copeland Islands)</p><br>
<p>Savary Island</p><br>
<p>Kompoti  is a village and a former municipality in the Arta regional unit, Epirus, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Nikolaos Skoufas, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 38.486 km. In 2011 its population was 1,544 for the town, 11650 for the community and 2,542 for the municipal unit. The Greek National Road 5/E55 connects Kompoti with Messolonghi to the south and Arta and Ioannina to the north. Kompoti is located north of Amfilochia and Agrinio, east-northeast of Preveza and southeast of Arta. The Ambracian Gulf is to the south. Kompoti became part of Greece in 1881.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Kompoti is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Kompoti (Kompoti, Agios Nikolaos)</p><br>
<p>Foteino</p><br>
<p>Sellades (Sellades, Alonia)</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Other</h2><br>
<p>Kompoti has a few schools, a lyceum (middle school), a gymnasium (secondary school) a few churches, banks, a post office, and a square.</p><br>
<p>Kompoti is the birthplace of Nikolaos Skoufas (Νικόλαος Σκουφάς), one of the founders of Filiki Eteria meaning Society of Friends in Greek, which was a secret organization working in the early 19th century, whose purpose was to overthrow Ottoman rule over Greece and to establish an independent Greek state.</p><br>
<p>Swannanoa is an Italian Renaissance Revival villa built in 1912 by millionaire and philanthropist James H. Dooley  above Rockfish Gap on the border of northern Nelson County and Augusta County, Virginia, in the USA. It is partially based on buildings in the Villa Medici, Rome.</p><br>
<p>Rockfish Gap is the southern end of the Skyline Drive through the Shenandoah National Park and the northern terminus of the Blue Ridge Parkway.</p><br>
<p>It is located on the crest of the Blue Ridge mountains, overlooking both Shenandoah and Rockfish valleys. It is located on a jurisdictional border, so it is in both Augusta and Nelson counties.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Intended to be a "summer place" for Richmond, Virginia millionaire and philanthropist James H. Dooley and his wife Sarah "Sallie" O. May, it reportedly took over 300 artisans eight years to build the structure, complete with Georgian marble, Tiffany windows, gold plumbing fixtures, and terraced gardens. Built as a token of love from husband to wife, the depth of James and Sallie May’s relationship was represented in the 4,000 piece Tiffany stained-glass window and a domed ceiling bearing the likeness of Mrs. Dooley Despite the lavish expenditure, it was occupied only for a few years following completion in 1912.</p><br>
<p>Major Dooley died in 1924 at the age of 82. He left Swannanoa entirely to his wife, Sally Mae, along with several million dollars. Sallie May Dooley died in 1926 at the age of 79. She left the estate to Major Dooley&#39;s two sisters.</p><br>
<p>When the property was built it had state-of-the-art fixtures for the time. Electricity and plumbing were installed in the house. It was the first house to have electricity in Nelson County and to accomplish this it had its own power plant on the property. There also was a built in elevator. Like Monticello, Thomas Jefferson&#39;s house 27 miles away, it had a dumbwaiter to bring food up from the basement kitchen to the dining room on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The sisters sold Swannanoa in 1926 to the Valley Corporation of Richmond, which became the second owner of Swannanoa. They planned and opened a country club in 1929 and closed in 1932. During that time they built the stone building on the property rumored to house the regions best moonshine distillery and which was a favored supplier for government officials during Prohibition. The golf course was an 18-hole course. It was during Swannanoas time as a country club that Calvin Coolidge had Thanksgiving dinner (1928) at the mansion. The sumptuous accommodations and isolation from the Capitols hubbub seemed to affect Mrs. Coolidge deeply, giving her "the giddiness of a mare in the spring" according to the waitstaff. Calvin was typically silent on the subject, but seemed rather drawn and sleepy for the next days hunting.</p><br>
<p>The United States Navy considered purchasing and renovating the property in 1942, which they calculated would cost $200,000, for the purpose of establishing a secret facility to interrogate prisoners of war. The military rejected it in favor of a Civilian Conservation Corps camp in Fort Hunt, Virginia, code named P. O. Box 1142, because it seemed unlikely that Congress would approve the purchase of such a palatial structure for the purpose. The mansion stood empty through the Great Depression and World War II until it was leased in 1949 to Walter Russell for his University of Science and Philosophy.</p><br>
<h2>Notable visitors</h2><br>
<p>President Calvin Coolidge and his wife visited nearby Swannanoa Country Club on Thanksgiving Day 1928. Whether or not the Coolidges actually visited Swannanoa mansion is unknown. But from another source, the Swannanoa Country Club was this mansion building, and he did visit the building.</p><br>
<p>The Sula Islands  are a group of islands in North Maluku in Indonesia. Its three main islands are Mangole, Sanana  and Taliabu, with smaller islands Lifamatola and Seho. Until 2013 the whole group was administered as Sula Archipelago Regency , with its administrative capital at Sanana on the island of the same name; its area is 9,632.92 km and population 132,070 . However, in 2013 Taliabu Island was separated from Kepulauan Sula Regency and formed into a new regency.</p><br>
<p>Pre-Indonesian Independence saw the Sula Islands also known as the Xulla Islands, with Taliabo as Xulla Taliabo, Sanana as Xulla Bessi, and Mangola as Xulla Mangola.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Following the removal of 7 districts to create a separate Taliabu Island Regency (Pulau Taliabu) in 2013, the residual Sula Archipelago Regency was divided into 12 districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their 2010 Census population.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Dutch built a fort on Sanana in 1652. Wallace visited the islands during an ornithological expedition in 1862.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>According to government data, Sula Islands Regencys food crops include vegetables, groundnuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, durian, mangosteen and mango. the area of agriculturally active land was 24743.56 hectares with production amounting to 33,608.62 tons per year. Taliabu-Sanana District is the main producer of cloves, nutmeg, cocoa, copra and other coconut products. Fishery production is very diverse with and estimated sustainable potential of 40,273.91 tonnes per year of which only 22.8 percent is currently exploited. Forestry is considered a potential industry with the natural forest-based Classification Map TGHK RTRWP suggesting a forest area of 471,951.53 hectares, but much of this is protected or hard to access, due to steep slopes and transportation logistics, and the islands main plywood company, PT Barito Pacific Timber Group (in Falabisahaya, West Mangole) has closed. Industrial activity is very limited. There is a gold mine in East Mangoli District (at Waitina and Kawata) and coal mines are located in the peninsula of West Sula Besi District, East Taliabu and Sub Sanana (Wai Village Ipa). Reserves of coal are estimated around 10.4 million tonnes.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The following species are native to the Sula Islands:</p><br>
<p>Babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa)</p><br>
<p>Strigocuscus pelengensis</p><br>
<p>Rattus elaphinus</p><br>
<p>Acerodon celebensis</p><br>
<p>Cynopterus brachyotis</p><br>
<p>Dobsonia viridis</p><br>
<p>Macroglossus minimus</p><br>
<p>Nyctimene cephalotes</p><br>
<p>Pteropus caniceps</p><br>
<p>Rousettus celebensis</p><br>
<p>Thoopterus nigrescens</p><br>
<p>Emballonura alecto</p><br>
<p>Hipposideros cervinus</p><br>
<p>Miniopterus pusillus</p><br>
<p>Megapodius bernsteinii (Gosong Sula), status vulnerable</p><br>
<p>Introduced species include:</p><br>
<p>Asian house shrew</p><br>
<p>Wild boar (Sus scrofa)</p><br>
<p>Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans)</p><br>
<p>Belmont is a ghost town in Nye County, Nevada, United States along former State Route 82. The town is a historic district listed in the National Register of Historic Places. It is Nevada Historical Marker number 138.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Belmont was established following a silver strike in 1865. Other minerals, such as copper lead and antimony, were also mined in addition to the silver. The boom brought settlers in and the town of Belmont grew. In 1867, Belmont became the county seat of Nye County. The town boasted four stores, two saloons, five restaurants, livery stable, post office, assay office, bank, school, telegraph office, two newspapers, and a blacksmith shop. As the price of metals fluctuated, so did the fortunes of the town. By 1887, several of the mines closed. In 1905, the county seat of Nye County was relocated from Belmont to Tonopah. The mine dumps were reworked in the early part of the 20th century</p><br>
<p>During the 1870s it was known as a major mining boomtown producing silver, and was rumored to have a population of 15,000. Like many towns which are now ghost towns, this one lasted for only a short time.</p><br>
<h2>Present-day Belmont</h2><br>
<p>Some of the buildings are still standing, including the courthouse, the Cosmopolitan Saloon, the Monitor-Belmont Mill, and the combination mill.</p><br>
<p>Currently, the old Combination Mine and Mill office and Belmont Courier Newspaper office and associated buildings are under restoration and preservation, known as the Philadelphia House, a reference to the name of the lodging house in the 1880s, and the Philadelphia mining district. This building complex was a business for about 15 years known as the Belmont Inn and Saloon, and also the Monitor Inn. Restoration volunteers are being solicited.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the site there is the Belmont Courthouse now belonging to Nye County and cared for by the "Friends of the Belmont Courthouse". The transfer from the Belmont Courthouse State Historical Park to Nye County took place in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Camp Evans Historic District is an area of the Camp Evans Formerly Used Defense Site in Wall Township, New Jersey. The site of the military installation (coord401108N0740345Wnotes=</p><br>
<h2>Belmar Receiving Station</h2><br>
<p>The Belmar Receiving Station was established near the Belmar community together with a separate transatlantic transmitting facility at New Brunswick, New Jersey, by the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America (American Marconi). The Belmar station included "a mile-long bronze-wire receiving antenna strung on six 400 foot tall masts with three 150 foot balancing towers along the Shark River. Outgoing Morse-code messages were sent via a telegraph land-line from the Belmar Station to the transmitter." The receiving site also had a telegraph land-line to a New York office.</p><br>
<p>Original buildings (coord40.1859N74.0594Wscale:10000notes= ) were built by the J.G. White Engineering Corp. between 1912 and 1914 as part of Guglielmo Marconi&#39;s "wireless girdle" around the Earth. In one of the buildings being constructed for the Belmar station, the regenerative circuit was demonstrated on January 31/February 1, 1914.</p><br>
<p>In April 1917, the Belmar station was acquired as part of the Navy&#39;s World War I "Trans-Atlantic Communication System" and after the November 1918 Armistice with Germany, American Marconi regained the Belmar station, which Radio Corporation of America owned from October 1919 until 1924.</p><br>
<h2>Klan</h2><br>
<p>The Ku Klux Klan owned the site from 1925 to 1935.</p><br>
<p>The Young Peoples Association for the Propagation of the Gospel purchased the Belmar station in 1936, and The Kings College opened in September 1938—when it was denied accreditation it relocated (currently is in the Empire State Building.)</p><br>
<p>The Signal Corps Radar Laboratory (SCRL) of Fort Hancock (formerly "Field Laboratory No. 3") in the late 1930s used "a field set-up at" the Belmar station to compare US radars with the British CH-CHL Radars. (additional testing of hardware was "often done" at the nearby Twin Lights radar station, e.g., a trial radar network in 1939.)</p><br>
<h2>Evans Signal Laboratory</h2><br>
<p>In 1941 the Belmar radio "site was renamed the Evans Signal Laboratory" after Wall Township purchased "the original Marconi buildings and the surrounding 93 acres" for the Army to move the SCRL. Initial construction "quickly built more than two dozen buildings and structures on the open land to the south and west of the Marconi buildings", including 2 boiler houses, 4 long rectangular one-story buildings, and "two groups of radio antenna shelters". Two models of the SCR-271 radar "were located near the intersection of Monmouth Boulevard and Watson Road" (the model D had a sign for the SCRL Installation and Maintenance School).</p><br>
<h2>Camp Evans</h2><br>
<p>Camp Evans was designated by "War Department General Order, 17 February 1942&quot the Camp Evans Signal Laboratory was named on March 31, 1942 (the date of the camp&#39;s dedication); and in December 1942, the War Department directed the Signal Corps General Development Laboratories and the Camp Evans Signal Lab to combine into the Signal Corps Ground Service (SCGS) with headquarters at Bradley Beach, New Jersey (Hotel Grossman). The Camp Evans lab used "VT-158 tube to adapt SCR-268s for" picket ships, modified the SCR-268 into the SCR-602 which detected Japanese kamikazes (producing 12 renumbered AN/TPQ-3 developmental models) and on the SCR-584 tracking radar, did preliminary testing in December 1941 and added identification friend or foe. The lab also improved components (e.g., for the proximity fuse) and established a special unit which tested captured German and Japanese radars. The laboratory was also responsible for Army radar development by civilian companies (e.g., GE AN/CPS-1 early warning radar, Rad Lab AN/CPS-4 height finder, Bendix AN/GPN-2 & LE AN/GPN-6 search sets, and Bendix AN/CPN-18 secondary surveillance radar).</p><br>
<p>By August 1943, Lt Col Paul E. Watson was the director of the Camp Evans Signal Laboratory. In addition to the Signal lab, Camp Evans had the Joint Army-Navy Tube Standardization (JANS) Laboratory and in May 1945, the Signal Corps Ground Services was reformed into the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. "Initial experimentation with an enemy mortar and artillery locating radar was conducted at Camp Evans in 1944." By the end of the war Camp Evans had "approximately 134 buildings and structures on approximately 217-acres" including the "Meteorological Branch of the Army Signal Corps" (cf. the Meteorological Branch at McCook Field).</p><br>
<h3>Cold War events</h3><br>
<p>Camp Evans&#39; black engineers contributed to electronic research, development, product distribution and training, e.g., Dr. Walter Mcafee at Fort Monmouth "first calculated the speed of the moon" during Project Diana, (it took 40 minutes to travel 15 deg, the width of the fixed radar beam rotating with the Earth.)</p><br>
<p>After the World War II Peenemünde V-2s tracked by the giant Würzburg "rhinoceros" radar had reached space and their telemetry had been received (e.g., at burnout); during moonrise on January 10, 1946, Project Diana transmitted VHF radar pulses through the ionosphere to the moon and detected the reflection using a modified version of an experimental SCR-271 at "the right of center Camp Evans".</p><br>
<p>By August 1951, the Evans Signal Laboratory had a Meteorological Branch in Bldg. 39.</p><br>
<p>The 1952 Army Radiation Dosimetry Laboratory was established in building 9401 which had an underground vault, a "Van de Graff machine", and AN/UDM-1A caesium-137 and AN/UDM-1 cobalt-60 calibration sources.</p><br>
<p>After a visit on October 20, 1953. McCarthyism claimed that Camp Evans was a "house of spies", but none of the camp&#39;s employees which Senator McCarthy investigated in 1953 and 1954 were ever prosecuted.</p><br>
<p>"In 1957, replacement equipment, on the frame of a captured German Reise radar, erected at the Project Diana site helped track the Soviet Union&#39;s Sputnik" (cf. the Deal Test Site in Ocean Township that moved to Evans in 1973).</p><br>
<p>Camp Evans became part of the and developed a radar weather set</p><br>
<p>The Evans laboratory transferred from the SCGS to the “U. S. Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories” (SCEL), which in April 1958 was renamed the “</p><br>
<p>The Project Diana site with building 9162 was used for the NASA TIROS-1 satellite&#39;s downlink antenna ("60-foot dish shaped antenna, Space Sentry") on April 1, 1960, for the first photograph from space (the "ground terminal at Fort Monmouth" in the "laboratory receiving area").</p><br>
<p>Radiation Incorporated&#39;s AN/TLM-18 "Space Sentry" at Camp Evans was used for minitrack.</p><br>
<p>The Army Photo-optics Laboratory opened at Camp Evans in 1963.</p><br>
<p>Most Deal Test Site "facilities and personnel" moved to Camp Evans due to the Deal site lease terminating on June 30, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Closure</h2><br>
<p>The 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission at the end of the Cold War designated Camp Evans for closure (e.g., the Army Radiation Dosimetry Laboratory closed in 1999) Evans units moved to Fort Monmouth&#39;s "Main Post" (Project 42682), and Camp Evans land transferred to the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>A section of the former camp is home to the Brookdale Campus at Wall, a branch of the Brookdale Community College.</p><br>
<p>A district of Camp Evans was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, and camp areas became part of the Save America&#39;s Treasures project (2005 funds were donated to restore the AN/TLM-18.) In 2011, began in "the basement at the InfoAge Science Center".</p><br>
<h3>InfoAge</h3><br>
<p>The InfoAge (Information Age Learning Center) was established in some of the historic district buildings (e.g., Bldg 9116 has "Radio Room One). InfoAge is a member of the Association of Science-Technology Centers and part of the NASA Digital Learning Network. Its focus is science and the scientific and military history of Camp Evans. Exhibits and participating organizations include computers, electronic warfare, a Cold War-era fallout shelter, vintage radio, the National Broadcasters Hall of Fame and Museum, and the New Jersey Shipwreck Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Jesse James Home Museum is the house in St. Joseph, Missouri where outlaw Jesse James was living and was gunned down on April 3, 1882, by Robert Ford. It is a one-story, Greek Revival style frame dwelling measuring 24 feet, 2 inches, wide and 30 feet, 4 inches, deep.</p><br>
<p>At the time, the house was located at in St. Joseph. In 1939, it was moved to a busier Belt Highway location. In 1977, it was moved to a location directly behind Patee House at 12th and Mitchell in St. Joseph, only two blocks away from its original location, which restored more of its historic context.</p><br>
<p>The investigation into the shooting death of James was conducted at Patee House Hotel (formerly the Worlds Hotel). Mrs. James, her two children, and Jesses mother stayed in Patee House for two nights after Jesse James was killed.</p><br>
<p>The house has a large bullet hole on the north interior wall. The hole was actually much smaller but over the years, souvenir hunters carved shavings from the hole and enlarged it.</p><br>
<p>The Jesse James Home contains a number of items owned by Jesse James and his family. In 1995, top forensic scientist Professor James E. Starrs, of George Washington University, conducted an exhumation of the grave of Jesse James to settle persistent controversy about the remains. In February 1996, he announced that DNA tests performed on the remains and compared to the DNA of existing known relatives proved a 99.7% reliability that the body in the grave was that of Jesse James. The museum includes new exhibits based on the 1995 exhumation, including artifacts such as coffin handles, bits of wood, and a pin Jesse James wore in his death photo, as well as numerous photos taken during the exhumation.</p><br>
<p>The home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 4, 1980.</p><br>
<p>Lake Burbury is a man-made water reservoir created by the Crotty Dam inundating the upper King River valley that lies east of the West Coast Range. Discharge from the reservoir feeds the John Butters Hydroelectric Power Station, owned and operated by Hydro Tasmania.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir was named in honour of Stanley Burbury, a former Governor of Tasmania.</p><br>
<h2>Water source</h2><br>
<p>The lake is fed mainly by rivers from the north, including the upper King River, and the Eldon River. Valleys that open to the area include the Linda Valley. It also has a natural lake just north of its northern shore known as Lake Beatrice which is at the eastern end of Mount Sedgwick. It has a surface area of 54 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>It is popular as a fishing lake, but is susceptible to extreme weather. Its feeder rivers are the upper King, Nelson, Princess, and Eldon Rivers. There are design features in the Crotty Dam to lower the surface level rapidly in the event of severe floodwaters.</p><br>
<p>The lake has the Bradshaw bridge crossing it to connect the Lyell Highway across it, and has two dams - one in the King River Gorge - the Crotty Dam, and the other adjacent to Mount Darwin, the Darwin Dam.</p><br>
<h2>Indundation</h2><br>
<p>The dam inundated the historical sites of the Darwin and Crotty - as well as the bridge of the North Mount Lyell Railway over the King River which was not salvaged before the flooding.</p><br>
<p>The Crotty Dam site had been surveyed in the early twentieth century but the proposed dam did not proceed at that time. It was re-visited in the 1980s and involved in the last major dam construction by Hydro Tasmania.</p><br>
<p>Crotty Dam and Lake Burbury have been identified as Indicative places on the Register of the National Estate.</p><br>
<h2>Reserves</h2><br>
<p>The lake lies to the west of the Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park and has a series of buffer zone conservation areas; the Princess River Conservation Area and the Crotty Conservation Area on the east shore, and the West Coast Range Regional Reserve on the west. The Hydro Tasmania jurisdiction of the lake is to the 242 m elevation (the full supply level being 235 m) round the edge of the lake, as well as the island created by the impoundment.</p><br>
<p>A webcam is located on the south east shore of the lake which looks across to where the Lyell Highway emerges from the Linda Valley and moves south around the eastern base of Mount Owen.</p><br>
<p>Milliken Memorial Community House, erected in 1928 in Elkton, Kentucky, is the first privately donated community house in America. The 13,000 ft&sup2; mansion pioneered a new architectural program for public use. The house was commissioned by Mary Louise Milliken  and her husband Samuel Canning Childs  in 1926.</p><br>
<p>Both were wealthy philanthropists and were responsible for the construction of over twenty hospitals and two churches throughout the United States. Childs was a wealthy businessman who had founded the American Food Store Company, a prominent Mid-Atlantic retail grocery chain. A Woman&#39;s Club was organized in Elkton in 1924 and Mr. & Mrs. Childs began formulating plans to construct a community center for this and other social groups. Designed for the specific purpose of housing community events and funded entirely by Mr. and Mrs. Childs, the building was to be a permanent memorial to the memory of her mother.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the building began in fall of that year (1927) and was completed in April during the next year (1928) at a cost of $75,000, equal to $1,478,000(2008) today. Average home cost in 1928 was 4,000 dollars.</p><br>
<p>Local contractor V.L. Price constructed the building and the architect responsible for the buildings design is Geo. S. Koyl and Marr & Holman Architects. The mansion is designed in the Neo-Classical style of Flemish bond brick with a large two-story portico on the main facade. The main section is two stories with a porte-cochere on the west facade and with a one story apollarium ballroom wing at the rear.</p><br>
<p>The house was officially opened on April 11- April 12 in a two-day celebration. Mary Louise and Canning booked the Francis Craig Orchestra from RCA Records to play for the opening ball. Newspapers from Lexington and Nashville covered the event naming it one of the greatest successes of generosity ever recorded.</p><br>
<h2>Book</h2><br>
<p>"Home Elsewhere" was released on July 25 of 2007. The non-fiction book catalogs the history of the house, and the life of Mary Louise Milliken Childs and her project, the Milliken Memorial Community House. Matthew Colin Bailey completed the first book after 3 years of research. Home Elsewhere was pre-released in Todd County, Kentucky as a first edition. The statewide second edition was released in 2008 at Kentucky bookstores. The second edition was edited by James Coursey.</p><br>
<p>Mount Giluwe is the second highest mountain in Papua New Guinea at 4,367 m . It is located in the Southern Highlands province and is an old shield volcano with vast alpine grasslands. Ancient volcanic plugs form its two summits, with the central peak the highest and an east peak about 2 km away at 4,300 m. Giluwe has the distinction of being the highest volcano on the Australian continent and Oceania, and is thus one of the Volcanic Seven Summits.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The original volcano on the site of Mount Giluwe formed roughly 650,000–800,000 years ago, probably as a stratovolcano of similar height to the current peak. Extensive Pleistocene glaciation eroded away much of the peak, leaving a series of volcanic plugs which form the present-day summits. A renewed episode of extensive volcanic eruptions formed the shield-like bulk of the current mountain between 220,000–300,000 year ago, and there is evidence that some of the lava erupted subglacially. During the last glaciations of the Ice Age, the upper slopes were covered by a massive ice cap over 150 m (500 ft) thick, from which only the main and east peaks protruded as nunataks above the ice surface. At its maximum extent, the ice cap was over 15 km (9 mi) across and covered an area greater than 100 km² (40 mi²). Outlet glaciers extended down as low as 3,200–3,500 m (10,500–11,500 ft), leaving a variety of deposits including glacial till and moraines. Although the glaciers are now long gone, numerous cirques and U-shaped valleys remain visible. The present-day climate on the summit plateau above roughly 3,400 m is cold enough for nightly frosts and occasional snowfall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Australian explorers Mick Leahy, and his brother Dan, were the first Westerners to reach the area and to discover and climb Mount Giluwe. However, another explorer Jack Hides also laid claim to be the first to discover Mount Giluwe after viewing the peaks from the west in 1935. Hides aptly named them the Minaret Mountains. However the name did not stick after Leahy went to London in 1935 and set up a hearing into the two opposing claims at the Royal Geographical Society. Leahy delivered his address on 21 November 1935 and the following year Leahy was awarded a grant from the Society and published his discoveries in their journal.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The slopes of Mt. Giluwe exhibit a number of different biomes. Between 2,500 m and 2,800 m is the lower montane rainforest dominated by Nothofagus and Elaeocarpus with large Pandanus including the climbing Freycinetia, climbing bamboo, many gingers, orchids, ferns, herbs and shrubs including Begonia. Avian fauna include the endemic dwarf cassowary. Above this is the upper montane rainforest or moss forest, with stunted moss-shrouded trees such as Quintinia and conifers including Papuacedrus and Podocarpus. The ground is covered in ferns of all types including Blechnum, filmy ferns and the world&#39;s largest moss (Dawsonia superba) up to 55 cm tall. Rhododendrons grow as epiphytes in the trees as do specialised cloud forest orchids.</p><br>
<p>At 3,200 m, the moss forest opens into subalpine grassland. This transition marks the extent of glaciation during the last glacial maximum. The grassland is inhabited by towering endemic tree ferns. Tiny wildflowers grow amongst the tussock grasses including Veronica, Viola and Gaultheria. Streams flow in beds once scoured by glaciers, and wet bogs contain frog species found nowhere else on earth. This is also the domain of the endemic woolly ground cuscus, a species of possum. Patches of relict subalpine rainforest cling to the sheltered areas where frost is lessened. Scarlet Rhododendron and Dimorphanthera abound in the gnarled dwarf forest and white beard lichens hang in the branches. Above 3,400 m on the vast alpine plateau, creeping Astelia, cushion plants and mosses can be found near the numerous tarns, along with alpine blueberries (Vaccinium) and asters in rockier areas.</p><br>
<p>Alloway Creek is a 23.2 mi tributary of the Delaware River in Salem County, New Jersey in the United States. The name is a derivative of Allowas, an Indian chief. It has also been known by other names: Aloes River, Aloes Creek, Cotton River, Korten River, Short River, Monmouth River, Munmouth River, and Roiter&#39;s River.</p><br>
<p>The headwaters of the creek are to the southeast of Daretown, in Upper Pittsgrove Township. It flows roughly parallel and to the south of Commissioners Pike, meeting Cool Run before turning west and flowing under the pike. Entering a marshy area, it meets an unnamed tributary and flows under Alloway Road. Here the creek enters Alloway Lake, formed by a dam at the town of Alloway and the largest lake in Salem County. Cedar Brook also feeds the lake, entering from the south.</p><br>
<p>Below the dam at Alloway, the creek becomes a tidal marsh and meadow estuary. About a mile west of the dam, Deep Run enters from the south. The meanders of the creek become pronounced as the creek turns to flow southwest towards Quinton, where it receives the outlet of Laurel Lake, the water supply for Salem. Route 49 crosses the creek at Quinton. Below Hancock&#39;s Bridge, the creek enters the marshes fringing the Delaware. A network of estuarine channels known as Abbotts Meadow lies on the north side. On the south side, a channel has been cut across a meander; Alloway Hope Halfway, a tidal channel connecting with Hope Creek, enters the south side of the meander loop there. The island in the middle of the loop and the land on the south bank from the meander to the mouth are part of Mad Horse Creek Wildlife Management Area.</p><br>
<p>The Alloway Creek watershed is 75 square miles, accounting for about 20% of Salem County land area, and providing a habitat essential for commercial and sport fishing, hunting and trapping.</p><br>
<p>A volunteer organization called Delaware Riverkeeper has a monitoring site at the Route 49 bridge in Quinton. As of 1995, Riverkeepers regularly tested the surface water and recorded stream conditions. The goal of Riverkeeper is to ensure that the Delaware River and every tributary stream of the watershed is actively protected by local residents.</p><br>
<p>Assiscunk Creek is a tributary of the Delaware River in southwestern New Jersey in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The name Assiscunk (also spelled Assiscunke or Essiscunk) came from the Lenape language meaning "muddy creek". Other names were Wissahisk River, Birch Creek, and Barracks Creek.</p><br>
<p>Assiscunk Creek is approximately 17 miles (27 km) long, and drains an area of approximately 60 sq. miles (155 sq km) of Burlington County, New Jersey. It originates in Springfield Township, and soon forms the border between Springfield and Mansfield Townships. It is fed by Annaricken Brook, and then by Crafts Creek just at the U.S. Route 206 crossing. Assiscunk Branch and Barkers Brook enter between Route 206 and the New Jersey Turnpike crossing. The creek begins to widen on the outskirts of Burlington City, where it empties into the Delaware. Wetlands along the creek are habitats for many species, among them the Bog turtle, which is considered a threatened and endangered species.</p><br>
<p>The creek is designated as suboptimal under Habitat Analysis, and has moderately impaired waters, a major improvement from recent decades when the river was designated as severely impaired or having marginal habitat conditions.</p><br>
<p>Pollution is a problem for the Assiscunk Creek, and much of this comes from non-point sources. The land around the creek is mostly agricultural, but there are areas of urban surfaces and forest as well. Assiscunk Creek is still an impaired river, but has improved greatly in recent years thanks to hard efforts to stop the pollution.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>*Barkers Brook</p><br>
<p>*Assiscunk Branch</p><br>
<p>*Crafts Creek</p><br>
<p>*Annaricken Brook</p><br>
<p>Gabii was an ancient city of Latium, located 18 km due east of Rome along the Via Praenestina, which was in early times known as the Via Gabina.</p><br>
<p>It was on the south-eastern perimeter of an extinct volcanic crater lake, approximately circular in shape, named the Lacus Gabinus, and then during later times called the Lago di Castiglione, "lake of the fortification", after Castiglione, a mediaeval tower erected on the site of the ancient acropolis, or arx, of Gabii. A necropolis is adjacent on that side of the lake. At present, the former lake is entirely agricultural land. The ruins of the ancient city project from the fields next to the cliffs overlooking it, on both sides of the via. A municipium in Roman times, Gabii is currently located in the frazione of Osteria dell&#39;Osa 10 km from the comune of Montecompatri, of which it is a part, in the Province of Rome, Region of Lazio. The site is under new seasonal archaeological excavation.</p><br>
<h2>Historical geography</h2><br>
<p>To what degree the lake was sedimented in ancient times remains unknown. Some of the earliest huts are down in the crater. Two streams flowing north to south flanked the lake on the west: the Fosso del&#39;Osa, and the east: Fosso di San Giuliano. These originated in another body of water, believed to be Lacus Regillus, on the south side of the road. The streams cut the road on either side of Gabii and were crossed by bridges; in other words, Gabii was constructed at a defensible location on an isthmus between two lakes. The isthmus was isolated by streams on either side. The quadrangle so formed contained its own water supply and straddled a major route on the east flank of Rome. It could not, as history demonstrated, be ignored by Rome. The two streams flow north to the Anio river, which flows west into the Tiber river on the north side of Rome.</p><br>
<p>In 1846 Gell reported that the Osa came from "a large marshy plain, extending almost to the Via Labicana." Passing by Lake Gabino it was connected to the latter by "artificial canals", which were in the process of draining the lake:The water of the lake has been very much lowered by this canal, and more draining is yet in contemplation, although there are already many square miles of uncultivated ground in the vicinity.</p><br>
<p>The draining of the lake was a project of the Borghese family, which had purchased it in 1614 from the Colonna family. Octavian Blewitt&#39;s handbook was able to report in 1850 (only four years later): The lake was drained a few years ago by prince Borghese, who has converted it from the state of a pestilential marsh into a district of great fertility.</p><br>
<p>Near the river a small inn had been placed, the Osteria dell&#39;Osa ("Inn of the Osa"), north of which was the main necropolis of Gabii. The habitation today has expanded into the center of a frazione.</p><br>
<p>The marshy plain was the last trace of the quasi-legendary lake near which the Battle of Lake Regillus decided whether the Roman Republic would continue or the kings of Rome would be restored by the intervention of the Latin League, to which Gabii belonged. The site of the battle is still a matter of dispute, which, on the unwarranted assumption that the location of the battle reveals the location of the lake, has extended into a dispute over the location of the lake. To modern topographers the deep lake basin, now kept dry, and the aqueducts that drew water, and still draw water, from its sources leave no doubt that the lake was located in the basin.</p><br>
<p>Lake Regillus varied in size and depth over the centuries but was certainly between the Via Labicana and the Via Praenestina east of Finocchio and north of Colonna (ancient Labicum), the last remnant at Pantana Borghese having been drained by the Borghese family in conjunction with the restitution of the first part of the Acqua Alexandrina as the Acqua Felice under Pope Sixtus V in the years 1585–1587. The two roads joined on the outskirts of Rome. The Pantana was the low point; from springs on its hillside exuded the water that filled the lake. During the thousand years of the post-classical period a much smaller Rome (totally abandoned at one point under the Goths) had lived on a greatly reduced water supply due to the broken and unrepaired aqueducts.</p><br>
<p>Gabii had kept its lake until the completion of the Acqua Alexandrina in 226 AD. The Romans captured springs or mountain streams for drinking water; they never fed the waters of the marsh into the aqueduct. It led from springs over the Pantana through underground conduits on the south side of the Via Praenestina to the outskirts of Rome, where it was carried on arched conduits above ground into the city. The Acqua Felice had more altitude at this point. By 226 the lake must have receded enough to have left a corridor along the road, as the Romans would not have been able to sink a conduit under the swamp. Having its source water drained away, the lake receded drastically. The aqueduct is still in use. In 1915 it shunted some 22,000 m&sup3; per day into the city of Rome. If these sources were not diverted, Lake Regillus would soon return.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, the basin marks the location of the former lake. It is now entirely agricultural land, except that the community of Lago Regillo has been placed in it near Gabii. Osteria del Finocchio marks the western limit, as it is heavily settled and is on higher ground. Lake Regillus therefore cannot have been in the vicinity of Frascati, regardless of where the battle was fought.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistory</h2><br>
<p>Scattered surface pottery has been found from the Middle Bronze Age outside the necropolis located below Castiglione, from which nothing can be deduced concerning the settlement at Gabii. The Late Bronze Age is missing. The Final Bronze Age is represented by minimal Latial I (1000-900 BC) material around the inside of the crater on the southern side, indicating low-density settlement at the water&#39;s edge there.</p><br>
<p>Definitive settlement at Gabii is believed to have begun with Latial IIA (900-830 BC) when the cemeteries of Castiglione, some 60 tombs of only IIA, and Osteria del&#39;Osa, over 600 tombs primarily of II and III (900-630 BC), and some of IV (730-580 BC), began. Both of these necropoli are dated entirely before the foundation of Rome and well before the classical city of Gabii. The location of the settlements producing these cemeteries was an issue of some mystery until aerial reconnaissance revealed a string of six "Iron Age hamlets" on the isthmus and more along the ridge to the east. Latial IIA is regarded as pre-urban and IIB as proto-urban; that is, at some time during 830-730 BC the settlements acquired a common geopolitical identity. By the end of IV (580 BC) the name Gabii must have been in place as the name of the city, as by then the history was well into the events of its legends.</p><br>
<p>The most archaeological work has been done on the cemetery of Osteria dell&#39;Osa. The tombs are divided into 14 groups, each exhibiting a set of distinctive traditions and each believed to represent one community of roughly 100 persons, round numbers. The earliest two, contemporaneous and dated to IIA, termed the northern and southern groups from their location within the cemetery, evidence the presence of a male warrior class. At the center of the cluster is a small set of male-only cremation burials, some in hut-urns. Around them is a greater group of inhumations of men, women and children. The richer cremation burials included grave gifts of miniaturized bronze tools and weapons and miniaturized pottery forms. The inhumations lacked weapons. Women were buried with jewelry and spindle-whorls (used in weaving).</p><br>
<p>The northern group (25 tombs) covered the mouth of the burial jar (dolium) with a travertine slab, made ovicaprine food offerings, left serpentine fibulae, razors of quadrangular shape and spearheads with sockets for wooden handles. The pottery is decorated. The southern group (30 tombs) used an impasto lid on the burial jars, left serpent-fibulae of a different-style, a razor of lunate shape and one-piece cast spears. The pottery is undecorated.</p><br>
<p>Urbanization of the area probably did not begin before the start of the second half of the 8th century BC. This process most likely finished by the end of the 7th century BC, and, at its height, the city&#39;s borders enclosed 0.75 square miles.</p><br>
<h2>Legend and legendary history</h2><br>
<p>The early date of the prehistoric Gabii suggests that the Roman writers could have little traditional memory of its foundation or of who founded it. The surviving traditions are therefore in the legend category; there may or may not be elements of truth in them. The tradition is two-fold: Gabii was founded either by the Latin kings of Alba Longa (according to Vergil and Dionysius of Halicarnassus) and therefore was aboriginal Latin in ethnic descent, or by the Sicels as the Siculi, a substrate population of east Italy expelled by the Italics to Sicily. They became one of the three major indigenous tribes of ancient Sicily, giving their name to it.</p><br>
<p>The legend of a Siculian foundation of Rome comes from fragments of early Roman annalists, who asserted that the Siculi occupied several cities of Latium before the arrival of the aborigines (Latins): Rome, Tibur, Fescennium, Falerii, Antemnae, Caenina and a few others. Gabii is mentioned as one of them by Gaius Julius Solinus. According to him two Siculian brothers founded it and named it by combining their names, Galatus and Bins. Fanciful etymologies such as the above are not taken seriously but there is a sober case for a Sicilian and Siculian influence on early Latium. For example, the Cloelii claimed to be from Alba Longa and used the cognomen Siculus. Prisons called lautumia were cut into the sides of the early Capitoline Hill. Syracuse used quarries, called latomiai, for a similar purpose. Most of the similarities can be attributed to an influence on early Rome from Greek Sicily; however, the case of a Sicul substrate also is possible.</p><br>
<p>Plutarch relates the legend that Romulus and Remus were raised by Faustulus, the servant of Amulius, in Gabii, where they learned everything from literature to the use of Greek weapons. From there they went on to found Rome.</p><br>
<h3>War with Rome under Tarquinius Superbus</h3><br>
<p>The Latin League (Latini) was brought under Roman jurisdiction by the last king of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus. Addressing their council and claiming that, because all the Latin cities were founded from Alba Longa and Tullus Hostilius had made a treaty by which Alba was ceded to Rome along with all its colonies, Rome had a legal claim over the Latins, he offered them protection from any chance devastation that should inflict their country and a share in Roman prosperity if they would resume the treaty, which they did. Thenceforward Latin troops fought beside Roman within the Roman army.</p><br>
<p>Gabii reneged from the Latin treaty with Rome for unknown reasons. Tarquinius&#39; son, Sextus Tarquinius, went to Gabii, pretending to be in revolt against his father and asking for assistance. He was accepted, and after successfully commanding various military expeditions, he was appointed as the leading general of the army of Gabii. As general, he commanded a number of minor but successful skirmishes against Roman forces, with the complicity of the Roman king.</p><br>
<p>He sent a message to the king asking what to do next. Receiving the messenger in the garden the king said nothing at all (for which he might have been held liable later) but strolled around lopping off the heads of the tallest poppies with a stick. Sextus took this to be a message to destroy the aristocrats of Gabii including Antistius Petro whom according to legend Sextus accused of plotting with Tarquinius Superbus Sextus&#39; return to Rome dead or alive, thereby provoking the Gabines to stone Antistius to death. Tarquinius Superbus was able to take advantage of the ensuing confusion and bring Gabii into submission without battle.</p><br>
<p>Dionysius of Halicarnassus states that Tarquin was lenient with Gabii, and their subsequent treaty, whose original text was written on a bullock&#39;s skin and draped over a wooden shield, was said by Dionysius of Halicarnassus to be still extant in his day in the Roman temple of Sancus.</p><br>
<p>After the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, Sextus fled to Gabii but was killed by the leaders of the city in revenge for his past actions.</p><br>
<h2>History under Roman control</h2><br>
<p>Gabii was an ally of Rome after 493 BC.</p><br>
<p>In the late Republican period, the city became depopulated due to the extensive use of the lapis Gabinus quarry, which was just under the archaic city. Cicero mentioned it in the 1st century BC as a small and insignificant place.</p><br>
<p>The Augustan poets used Gabii when demonstrating a city that had fallen from its old heights. From inscriptions we learn that from the time of Augustus or Tiberius onwards it enjoyed a municipal organization. Its baths were well known, and Hadrian, who was responsible for much of the renewed prosperity of the small towns of Latium, appears to have been a very liberal patron, building a senate-house (Curia Aelia Augusta) and an aqueduct.</p><br>
<p>After the 3rd century, Gabii practically disappears from history, though its bishops continue to be mentioned in ecclesiastical documents till the close of the 9th century.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural influences</h2><br>
<p>Gabii&#39;s importance in the earliest history of Rome is also apparent elsewhere: the adoption of the cinctus Gabinus (a method of draping the toga that leaves both arms free) by the Romans for certain ceremonies, the unique role it played for the augurs as seen from the specific term ager Gabinus used by these priests (Varro, Ling. 5,33), and its presence in a Roman formula of devotio.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<h3>Temple of Juno</h3><br>
<p>The most conspicuous ruin remaining at the site of Gabii is a temple, generally attributed to Juno, which had six Ionic or Corinthian columns in the front and six on each side, excluding the back. The temple was composed of a single room (cella), and it was made of lapis Gabinus, a fire-resistant rock that was found in the quarries around Gabii and that also made its way into some of the buildings of Rome itself. The temple was situated in the middle of a podium, which had a colonnade of Doric columns along the back and extending around the sides. This colonnade stood in front of rooms of unknown function, perhaps multi-functional, for such uses as temple shops. The temple was excavated and published by the Spanish School at Rome in the 1960s and 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The temple was constructed 150-100 BC. A painted inscription (IVN) on an antefix identifies it as a temple of Juno. Around the rear of the temple (on the cliff side), which faced and towered above the road, were about 55 pits for planting trees representing a sacred grove. The site began as sacred in the 7th century BC featuring such a grove in which one tree was especially worshipped. In the 4th century BC a small shrine was constructed next to the grove around and in connection with which caches of anatomical terra cotta statuettes were found. This type of statuette modeled an organ or section of the human body and was given as a votive offering at a healing sanctuary, of which a great many have been found in Latium, in hope that divinity would turn its attention to healing the organ of the dedicator. Also found were some votive pedestals inscribed to Fortuna. A pavement was inscribed to Jupiter Jurarius ("of oaths"), indicating possible state functions of the site. There were two other shrines at the location.</p><br>
<p>The subsequent temple to Juno remained in use during the empire, after the town was abandoned.</p><br>
<h3>Forum</h3><br>
<p>To the east of the temple lay the supposed area of the forum, where excavations were made by Gavin Hamilton in 1792. Hamilton discovered a large cache of statues that were initially placed in the Borghese collection, although many of them subsequently were carried off to Paris by Napoleon, and still remain in the Louvre. The statues and busts are especially numerous and interesting (38 in all); besides the deities Venus, Diana, Nemesis, etc., they comprise Agrippa, Tiberius, Germanicus, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Trajan and Plotina, Hadrian and Sabina, Marcus Aurelius, Septimius Severus, Geta, Gordian III and others. The inscriptions relate mainly to local and municipal matters.</p><br>
<h3>Tower of Castiglione</h3><br>
<p>The citadel of Gabii is now marked by the ruins of the medieval tower of Castiglione.</p><br>
<h3>Fieldwork since the 1990s</h3><br>
<p>New fieldwork has been undertaken to the east of Gabii along the lines of the ancient city wall where a sanctuary has been excavated by Marco Fabbri close to one of the citys gates. Other work at the site has been carried out by Stefano Musco, the local inspector of the Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma (). These excavators, led by Marco Fabbri, reported the discovery of an Archaic building that they identified as a regia&#39; in March 2010.</p><br>
<h4>Gabii Project</h4><br>
<p>In early 2007 the multi-institution Gabii Project, led by Nicola Terrenato of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, was launched. It began its investigations by conducting a large-scale geophysical survey of the former urban center of Gabii. This survey had two prongs: a magnetometry survey and a core-sampling survey including both manual and machine collected cores. The survey data revealed a regularized pattern of streets latent in the subsurface layers, together with archaeological deposits. The Gabii Project commenced large-scale excavations in two areas of the site in June 2009. In late March 2010 the Gabii Project reported the discovery, in July 2009, of a half-ton lead encased inhumation burial that has tentatively been dated to the Roman Imperial period, likely the second or third centuries A.D. Evidence for early elite burials, in this case those of infants, also emerged in 2009, suggesting the development of social hierarchy in the eighth through sixth centuries BC. The discovery of an important but fragmentary Republican Latin inscription also came in 2009 and was published in 2011. The excavations of the Gabii Project continued in 2010 and 2011, during which time substantial portions of several ancient city blocks were brought to light. Not only is evidence for multi-period infrastructure clearly present, but the remains of urban architecture of the later first millennium BC have also become apparent. The award of a major collaborative research grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities supports the next phase of excavations from 2012 to 2015.</p><br>
<p>Arbor Lodge State Historical Park and Arboretum is a mansion, state park, and arboretum located at 2600 Arbor Avenue, Nebraska City, Nebraska, United States The Park&#39;s grounds are open daily; the mansion is open daily between March and November, weekends only through the winter.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Today&#39;s 52-room neo-colonial house began in 1855 for J. Sterling Morton, originator of Arbor Day and Secretary of Agriculture in the 1890s under President Grover Cleveland. The house was originally a modest 4-room frame structure on 160 acre. It was extended several times, most recently in 1903, and in later years served as the summer home for his son Joy Morton, founder of Morton Salt Company. The mansion features Victorian and Empire furnishings, many of which were owned by the Mortons. Its sun parlor contains a fine Tiffany skylight with grape trellis design.</p><br>
<p>The mansion currently functions as a museum and contains many items related to the early history of Nebraska, Otoe County, and Nebraska City (which was founded in 1854). A nearby carriage house contains early carriages.</p><br>
<p>Trees were a central interest of J. Sterling Morton. He imported trees from all over the country in order to test their suitability to create windbreaks and otherwise break up the monotony of the great plains. The house is surrounded by 270 varieties of trees and shrubs, including gardens, apple orchards, and acres of oaks, maples, chestnuts, and pines, including at least 10 state-champion trees. Specimen trees are typically labeled with engraved bronze plates. Over the years, many of Arbor Lodge&#39;s apple orchards were demolished, but in the 1990s their restoration began with plantings of Winesaps, Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Jonathans, and Jonadels.</p><br>
<p>The Crawford Grill was a renowned jazz club that operated in two locations in the Hill District of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. During its heyday in the 1950s and 60s, the second Crawford Grill venue hosted local and nationally-recognized acts, including jazz legends Art Blakey, Charles Mingus, Max Roach, Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Bill Evans, and Kenny Burrell. The club, an important social gathering spot for Pittsburghs African-American communities, drew devoted listeners from the regions ethnically and racially diverse population making it a rare site of interracial socializing during the civil rights period. The Crawford Grill was one of many black-owned neighborhood clubs in the Eastern United States that supported a tour circuit for small jazz ensembles during the genres "golden age." Despite the riots of 1968, which severely damaged the neighborhoods economic infrastructure, the club continued to operate until 2003, when it was shuttered. In 2010, a group of local investors purchased the property with the goal of restoring and reopening the location as a venue and restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origins of the Crawford Grill</h3><br>
<p>The Crawford Grill can be best understood as the outgrowth of a broader set of social institutions that flourished in the Hill District neighborhood in the early 1900s. Known as "black-and-tan clubs", these venues featured black artists and catered to mixed-race patrons. The Leader House (1401 Wylie Ave.) and the Collins Inn (1213 Wylie Ave.) were two "black-and-tan clubs" that operated in the 1910s that were important because they offered a means through which entrepreneur William "Gus" Greenlee would enter the entertainment industry in the Hill District and would later become the Crawford Grill and Black Musicians Union Club. The high standard of entertainment was established by pianist Earl Hines, who began his career as a jazz musician in the Hill District when he was hired by bandleader Lois Deppe to perform at the Leader House, and violinist Vernie Robinson at the Collins Inn. In 1922, the Collins Inn became the Paramount Inn under the ownership of Greenlee, who would become one of the Hills most prominent African-American businessmen and owner of the Negro League baseball team the Pittsburgh Crawfords. But the club had already had several owners by the time Greenlee acquired it in 1933. It was purchased by Scott Bailey in 1932 and soon after was managed by James Brown, a local chef. Brown remained when Greenlee acquired the business. Nevertheless, Greenlee may be soundly credited for making the club famous. Greenlee&#39;s remodeled held its grand opening on Christmas Eve of 1933. A formal opening took place the following January. It was the first in the neighborhood to receive a liquor license (prohibition had been repealed for less than a month). An enthusiastic announcement in the Pittsburgh Courier promised patrons a bar designed after a Spanish hacienda, with "cool, drinks and good food served in ultra, ultra style." The Crawford Grill had several incarnations at different addresses during its lifetime.</p><br>
<h3>Crawford Grill No. 1 (1933–1951)</h3><br>
<p>The original club was located at 1401 Wylie Ave. at Townsend in a hotel called the Leader House, which had been established in the 1910s. The third floor of the three-story structure was reserved for VIPs.</p><br>
<p>The second floor featured the C&G Club with a revolving stage, upright piano clad in mirrors, and glass-topped bar. In addition to a program of out-of-town entertainers, Greenlee promised two special programs: "Chill Night" featuring Greenlee himself in the kitchen, and "Jewish Night", when his wife, Helen, did the same. The second-floor club opened in March 1935 with entertainment produced by Billy Maxey, featuring New York and Ohio performers. Local press declared it the Hills "most popular hot spot&#39;".</p><br>
<h3>Crawford Grill No. 2 (1943–2003)</h3><br>
<p>With his business partner Joseph Robinson, Greenlee opened a second venue on the corner of Wylie Avenue and Elmore Street, approximately ten blocks east of the original location. Robinson&#39;s son, William "Buzzy" Robinson, ran the club for almost 60 years, selling the business but retaining ownership of the building in 1992. In 2001, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission dedicated a marker on the site. Facing electrical and sewage problems, the last surviving Crawford Grill location (No. 2) closed its doors in 2003 and was put up for sale in 2006.</p><br>
<h3>Crawford Grill No. 3 (1948–1955)</h3><br>
<p>Located on the corner of Bidwell Street and Pennsylvania Avenue in the Manchester neighborhood of Pittsburgh, this club closed in just seven years.</p><br>
<h3>New Crawford Grill at Station Square (2003–2006)</h3><br>
<p>Capitalizing on the famous Crawford Grill name, Les Montgomery and Tom Burley opened a new venue at 125 W. Station Square Drive in the Freight House Shops, in Pittsburgh&#39;s South Side neighborhood. The interior, designed by local architect Margaret Ringel, included seating for 180 guests, a bar, and a balcony. Hewing closely to the original Grill, the menu featured soul food. The venture was financed partly by the Urban Redevelopment Authority and promised 20-30 new jobs. Initially the new club was successful; upon the first anniversary of its opening, a newspaper described it as a "regular destination for jazz lovers." One local patron praised the new Grill, finding the music as good as it was in the original club during its heyday. Despite being awarded "best soul food" by a local paper three years running, the new club suffered from lack of foot traffic, closing its doors on January 7, 2006.</p><br>
<h3>Legacy and the Crawford Grill Revitalization Project</h3><br>
<p>After the closure of the Crawford Grill No. 2, building owner Buzzy Robinson sought buyers who would respect the legacy of the site. In 2010, local sources announced that an investment group including Pittsburgh Central Keystone Innovation Zone, Pittsburgh Gateways Corporation, Hill House EDC, and several private individuals had purchased the building for $275,000. Calling their initiative the "Crawford Grill Revitalization Project," the group has stated it aims to preserve the legacy of the building through restoration efforts and the establishment of a new restaurant and nightclub.</p><br>
<h2>Historical marker</h2><br>
<p>The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum commission unveiled a blue and gold historical marker outside the Crawford Grill building on April 7, 2001. The unveiling marked the conclusion of a three-day conference focused on black history in Pennsylvania. In attendance were Pittsburgh councilman Sala Udin, the building&#39;s owner, William "Buzzie" Robinson, and the owner of the Crawford Grill business, Keith Ferris.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Referenced in the play Fences by August Wilson</p><br>
<p>The Batsto River is a 22.9 mi tributary of the Mullica River in the southern New Jersey Pine Barrens in the United States. The river also drains 49.42 square miles of land.</p><br>
<p>Originating in Tabernacle Township, the Batsto River is joined by Skit Branch, Deep Run, Springer&#39;s Brook, Penn Swamp Branch and Goodwater Run before reaching Batsto Village where a dam forms Batsto Lake. From Batsto Village, the stream continues on for a few miles before its confluence with the Mullica River at The Forks.</p><br>
<p>The Batsto River passes through multiple historic landmarks along its journey to the Mullica River. These landmarks include Hampton furnace, Lower Forge and Quaker Bridge, each being places of small settlements at one time.</p><br>
<p>Mount Thor, officially gazetted as Thor Peak, is a mountain with an elevation of 1,675 m located in Auyuittuq National Park, on Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. The mountain is located 46 km northeast of Pangnirtung and features Earth&#39;s greatest vertical drop of 1,250 m, with the cliff overhanging at an average angle of 15 degrees from vertical. Despite its remoteness, this feature makes the mountain a popular rock climbing site. Camping is allowed, with several designated campsites located throughout the length of Akshayuk Pass. For climbers looking to scale mount Thor, there is an established campsite a few kilometres north of its base, complete with windbreaks and emergency shelters.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was named for Thor, the Norse thunder god.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Thor is part of the Baffin Mountains which in turn form part of the Arctic Cordillera mountain range. The mountain consists of granite.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Donald Morton and Lyman Spitzer made the first ascent of Mount Thor in 1965 during the Alpine Club of Canada expedition led by Pat Baird. Pat Baird also led the 1953 geophysical expedition during which Hans Weber, J. Rothlisberger and F. Schwarzenbach climbed the North Tower of Mount Asgard for the first time.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent of the west face was achieved by Earl Redfern, John Bagley, Eric Brand and Tom Bepler in 1985. The first solo ascent of the West Face was completed by Jason Singer Smith in 1998. The first free climb of the Southwest Buttress was made in 2012 by Bill Borger and John Furneaux.</p><br>
<p>Jameson Land is a peninsula in eastern Greenland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Jameson Land is bounded to the southwest by Scoresby Sound (the world&#39;s largest fjord), to the northwest by the Stauning Alps, to the north by Scoresby Land, to the northeast by the Fleming Fjord and the Nathorst Fjord of the Greenland Sea, and to the east by Carlsberg Fjord, the smaller Liverpool Land peninsula branching off, and Hurry Inlet.</p><br>
<p>The Mestersvig military base is located in the northern part of the peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Jameson Land mainly consists of a tilted peneplain of jurassic sandstone, highest in the east. In the northern end there are also rocks of triassic origin. Two formations are predominant in Jameson Land: the Triassic Flemming Fjord Formation and the Jurassic Kap Stuart Formation.</p><br>
<p>Jameson land triassic fossils of Flamming Fjord Formation include: prosauropod and theropod dinosaurs bones and tracks, sauropod tracks, phytosaurs, temnospondyls, and sharks.</p><br>
<p>Varkiza , also Alianthos , is a suburb of greater Athens forming part of the municipality of Vari-Voula-Vouliagmeni in southern Attica of the Megalo Daktylo . It lies approximately 2 km south of Vari, 22 km S of Athens, SW of the Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport and the Attiki Odos , NW of Cape Sounio, and south of the Hymettus Ring. The locality is linked with Poseidonos Avenue , just east of Vouliagmeni.</p><br>
<p>The Hymettus mountains lie to the northwest and the Mesogeian plain to the north. Another mountain lies toward the northeast. Most of the area&#39;s streets take names from Greek mythology, and its main street, Poseidonos, forms a connection with the route running from Neo Faliro down toward the Glyfada boundary. Forests cover partpart of the municipality, but much of the mountainous area is rocky and grassy. Varkiza has a widely known beach, which has tennis courts, parkland and fields, restaurants, taverns, complexes and other amenities. The urban sprawl sporadically covers the farmlands and moves west of Varkiza.</p><br>
<p>The population were rural until the 1960s while suburban housing sprang up between the 1960s and the 1990s, making most of the population urban and expanding to this day. Housing development began in the central part of district where farmland once used to dominate its central areas and within the Saronic Gulf. Later, Varkiza became part of the Athens Metropolitan Area, and in the 1960s, the connecting highway had two lanes added.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Treaty of Varkiza was signed in 1945 in an attempt to end the Greek Civil War, actually was signed at the Kanelopoulos Mansion, which is located at Vari.</p><br>
<h2>Other</h2><br>
<p>Varkiza has one school (dimotiko), banks, a church, restaurants, bars, taverns, a post office and couple of squares (plateies).</p><br>
<p>Since 2001 Varkiza has been hugely modernised. Varkiza just after the World War II was a small village for fishermen but today has developed to a small town for the rich with one of the best beaches in Attiki. In the summer the population triples as Varkiza resort is right next to the top summer clubs which are located on the "Glyfada strip".</p><br>
<p>Wickecheoke Creek is a 15.0 mi tributary of the Delaware River in Hunterdon County, New Jersey in the United States.</p><br>
<p>It originates in Raritan Township on the Hunterdon Plateau and flows through Croton and Locktown before cascading off the Plateau where it passes under the Green Sergeant&#39;s Covered Bridge, one of the two last remaining covered bridges in the state. It cuts through part of the Amwell Valley and several steep sections of the Rosemont Valley before reaching the Delaware River. Before reaching the Delaware, it cuts through a low ridge and is joined by Plum Brook. Further south it and cuts through a second slightly larger ridge to the west of Sergeantsville. Rose Creek enters the creek two miles before it reaches the Delaware and Raritan Canal and the Delaware River at Prallsville.</p><br>
<p>The Creek receives most of its water from springs as it passes through woodlands and farm fields. Water birds, eagles, beaver, and mink can be seen near the trout-stocked stream. Trails and narrow lanes along its banks also make it a favorite for artists, anglers, cyclists and hikers. The lower portion of what locals call "the Wick," runs through farms and forests protected by the New Jersey Conservation Foundation. The Foundation&#39;s Donald Jones Footpath follows the Creek for nearly two miles, just above Prallsville and the town of Stockton, New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>The Hood River of Nunavut, Canada, is a 400 km long river draining into the Arctic Ocean from its headwaters in the interior of Canada&#39;s tundra at Takijuq Lake, close to the Northwest Territories border. The river ends at Arctic Sound near the community of Bathurst Inlet. The river is above the Arctic Circle and tree line.</p><br>
<p>Lake trout are plentiful and can be almost a metre long. The upper lakes of the Hood can be frozen until July, and on the banks of the river, grizzlies, wolves, wolverines, and muskox are plentiful. In the short Arctic summer, canoeists braving the mighty river can see the migration of the barren-ground caribou through the area. Muskox and wolves are also common sights.</p><br>
<p>There are numerous rapids, waterfalls and glaciers along the river. Wilberforce Gorge is a steep, high gorge that runs for 3 km at almost 76 m deep. Wilberforce Falls, at the head of the gorge, is the highest waterfall north of the Arctic Circle falling 49 m in two 24 m drops.</p><br>
<p>During Sir John Franklin&#39;s first overland expedition, the Coppermine Expedition of 1819–1822, he came back up this river, after going down the Coppermine River, then east along the Arctic Coast to Point Turnagain, while searching for the Northwest Passage. The river gets its name from Midshipman Robert Hood, who was possibly murdered on the overland trek back to Fort Enterprise.</p><br>
<p>The Old Todd County Courthouse  is the second courthouse to be constructed in Todd County, Kentucky The first court house building was constructed on the same site. Planning for the building began in 1834. Construction was begun in 1835 and the project was completed in 1836. Bricks used in the building&#39;s construction were fired on the site. The construction of the courthouse which occupies the center square in Elkton, was authorized by the Fiscal Court, Tuesday, November 11, 1834, at which time they arranged for the selection of a building site.</p><br>
<p>The Commissioners further mandated the county to meet the cost in three payments, the first of which would come from unappropriated funds, which were being held by the sheriff. Thereafter, the balance would be remitted in two equal payments. The building was erected according to a plan drafted by "R. Rowland." The building contained two large open rooms; one on the first floor, and another on the second. The first floor room was used as a formal court room containing a judges stand framed in a frontispiece and a railing separating the auditorium and bar. Small rooms concealed behind semi-circular shaped walls held jury deliberation spaces and judges chambers. The semi-circular walls in both court rooms are similar to design features used in the courthouses and pattern books of architect Robert Mills. The second floor room, though also having small rooms located on the south-west and south-east corners, was used as a space for the Grand Jury, County Fiscal Court, and for community gatherings. Two large Doric columns that embody the architectural principles of entasis were placed in the lower court room to support the second floor. These columns are created of custom formed circular brick. The millwork details located in the buildings judges stand frontispiece are directly inspired by Asher Benjamins Country Builders Assistant pattern book. The building originally contained no county offices. The county instead constructed a county office annex known as the "Clerk&#39;s Office" located near the south-west corner of the Elkton town square in 1822.</p><br>
<p>The buildings mason Jesse Russell, of Elkton, was employed to supervise the construction, along with Commissioner Hazel Petrie. There are two accounts of the building of the walls. Russell is said to have hired four brickmasons, each of whom was to construct a wall: the mason with the best wall was to receive a gold watch. In another account, Jesse Russell and another brick mason were said to have boasted on their masonry skills. To settle the dispute, each was told to build a wall. Each man bet upon himself and Russells wall was superior.</p><br>
<p>In 1856, a new Clerks Office was ordered to be constructed by the court. A new site was selected and a new clerks office was erected by 1860, costing the county $2,000.</p><br>
<p>The court house was heavily used for various reasons, including for the boarding of soldiers, during the Civil War to the point of being unfit for the use of the court. County courts left the building to instead use the Masonic Lodge in Elkton. In 1871, the building was renovated using funds from the sale of the 1860 Clerks Office. The renovation of the building called for the building to have only one court room and to incorporate the county Clerks Offices. The courtroom was moved upstairs and the Clerk&#39;s Offices were established on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>The clock tower was added during this time in the Victorian architectural style known as the Second Empire.</p><br>
<p>During another restoration project in 1975 the courthouse was designated as a National Historic Landmark. In 1961 city officials voted to paint all woodworking and the clock tower white for lack of funds. The tower was originally painted in multiple colors.</p><br>
<p>In the following years the court out-grew the courthouse and moved to a new location in southern Elkton. The courthouse currently stands in downtown Elkton and is county owned and leased to the City of Elkton.</p><br>
